鸟类图鉴

发现 20 种鸟类

Audubon's Oriole

Icterus graduacauda

Entirely yellow body with greenish back and black hood. Young birds slightly paler than adults; they develop black hood within a couple months of hatching. Tends to be more secretive than other orioles. A Mexican species with limited U.S. range. Most similar to Scott's Oriole but note greenish, not black, back; range does not overlap. Found in wooded habitats with dense brushy undergrowth. Sometimes visits feeders for fruit and seed. Song a slow series of low-pitched whistles.

White-winged Tern

Chlidonias leucopterus

Buoyant “river tern” with dramatically different breeding and non-breeding plumages. Breeding adult is wildly conspicuous in flight, with contrasting black-and-white plumage; at rest note white shoulders contrasting with black body. Non-breeding and younger birds are white with gray patches and black “earmuffs.” In areas of overlap, juvenile told from Black Tern by dark back contrasting with lighter upperwings and white rump and by black marking above the shoulder. Non-breeding Whiskered Tern can be similar, but has a faded, patchy dark crown instead of earmuffs. Commonly found in flocks around rivers, lakes, and wetlands, where it picks food from surface instead of splash-diving; generally not as closely associated with saltwater as many typical terns.

Maroon-chested Ground Dove

Paraclaravis mondetoura

Very scarce and rarely seen small dove of foothill and mountain forest and edge, usually with patches of seeding bamboo. Most often seen in fast direct flight; rarely seen perched or feeding in low vegetation or on the ground. Male deep blue-gray with purple bands on the wings and a maroon breast; white outer tail feathers striking when tail is spread. Female with dark bill, and brown overall with dark reddish-brown bands on the wings; rump and tail less rusty than similar female Blue Ground Dove of humid tropical lowlands.

Baird's Sandpiper

Calidris bairdii

Long-winged, long-distance migrant similar to White-rumped Sandpiper but with warmer buffy-tan plumage. Elongated body gives a horizontal impression when foraging; unique flattened oval shape when seen head-on. Black bill and brown rump. Breeding adults rather pale with large black spots on back. Crisp juveniles show neat scaly pattern on wings and back and have a warm buffy face and neck. Often with flocks of other small shorebirds, but prefers drier habitats, such as the grassy edge of a mudflat, seaweed-covered upper portion of a beach, or sod field. Breeds in the Arctic tundra; winters in South America.

Swallow-tailed Kite

Elanoides forficatus

A graceful, uniquely shaped raptor with long, narrow wings and deeply forked tail. Black-and-white with shining blue-gray upperwing. Usually seen in flight as it soars and glides while twisting its tail. Wingbeats are deep, fluid flaps. Found over a variety of wooded habitats with a preference for wetter habitats around rivers and ponds. Feeds mainly on insects captured on the wing.

Biak Scops-Owl

Otus beccarii

A small owl endemic to a variety of forests on Biak Island. Dark plumage, paler belly with fine barring and white lines from the shoulder. Gray-brown or tawny morphs occur. Yellow eyes surrounded by black patches, and a pale gray face surrounded by a black ring. Not particularly uncommon but difficult to see. Feeds on insects. It is the only owl species on Biak. Fairly vocal. Call, a low, croaking “raaag!”.

Gray-headed Tody-Flycatcher

Todirostrum poliocephalum

Tiny brightly-colored flycatcher with a fairly long pointed bill and an ample slender tail. Note the largely black head apart from a large yellow spot in front of the pale eye. Olive above and bright yellow below; the black wings are yellow edged . Similar to Common Tody-Flycatcher, but with yellow spots on the face. Found at the edge of forests, second growth, and in gardens and urban parks. The song is a sharp “tchip-tchip-tchip.”

Davison's Leaf Warbler

Phylloscopus intensior

Small, brightly-colored leaf warbler. Yellowish green above and pale below, with bright yellow brow stripes, a pale crown stripe, and a bicolored bill (dark above, orange below). Has two wingbars, of which upper can be quite pale or absent. Note white undertail and distinct behavior of flicking both wings at the same time (Blyth’s, Claudia’s, and Hartert’s leaf warblers flick their wings alternatingly). More extensively yellow and with a stronger, more contrasting head pattern than Blyth’s and Emei leaf warblers, and lacks the bright rump patch of “Pallas’s-type” leaf warblers. Closely related Kloss’s Leaf Warbler is extremely similar; look for Davison’s brighter and more extensively white undertail coverts. Breeds in deciduous broadleaved and mixed hill and montane forest; descends into forested foothills in the non-breeding season. Song is short and sweet: “wih-chew-chee wih-chew-chee-wih”. Calls are high and liquid-sounding: “chew-wee” or “wit-chew-wee”.

Black-and-gold Cotinga

Lipaugus ater

A large cotinga found in the subcanopy of montane forests from 1,200–2,050 m. Males are spectacular—all black with a yellow patch on the wings. Females are uniformly olive-green. Both sexes have a short orange bill and small red eyes. The song is a long, sharp, and high-pitched whistle with multiples males calling alternatively to give a continuous song phrase.

Slaty Elaenia

Elaenia strepera

Highly migratory flycatcher; it nests from about September through March along the east slope of the Andes in Bolivia and northwestern Argentina, then disperses as far as northern South America. It is mostly gray, with a pale belly, faint wingbars, and a broken eyering. Bill is stubby and yellow at the base. Male has a white crown patch that is usually hidden; females and immatures are tinged olive. Inhabits humid forest, and very inconspicuous when not singing. Typical song is an accelerating, toneless rasp, and it remains almost totally silent outside of its breeding range.

Chestnut Munia

Lonchura atricapilla

A small, plump reddish brown finch with a black head and thick silvery-blue bill. Immatures are plain sandy brown with slightly darker wings. Often seen in flocks, usually in grassy areas, including lawns, but also marshes and rice paddies; prefers wetter areas than Scaly-breasted Munia. Gives soft pipping and clinking notes; song includes quiet slurred whistles and bill clicks. Native to southeastern Asia, but introduced to numerous areas including the Hawaiian Islands, Japan, Ecuador, and Jamaica.

Western Bearded-Greenbul

Criniger barbatus

A big, chunky, relatively colorful rainforest greenbul. Mostly olive-green, with a reddish tail and a mostly gray head. The throat feathers are long and often puffed out; they are rich yellow in most of the range, but pale yellow in Nigeria. Found in the understory and at middle levels of rainforest and gallery forest. Usually in small, noisy groups that often join mixed flocks. Similar to Yellow-bearded Greenbul, but larger, with a puffier throat and some gray in the plumage. Similar to Red-tailed Greenbul, but larger, and never shows a pure white throat. Somewhat similar to Icterine Greenbul, but larger, and much darker on the breast and belly. The loud and distinctive call is a rising, two-part “truwa-treeeaa.”

Blue-gray Noddy

Anous ceruleus

A very small, pale gray tern with large dark eyes. Smaller and paler gray than Brown and Black Noddies with slightly more of a forked tail. Nests on rocky sea cliffs on tropical islands, typically foraging close to shore, fluttering close to the water and plucking food from the surface in small flocks. Voice is a distinctive nasal “kearr.”

Mariana Fruit-Dove

Ptilinopus roseicapilla

A spectacularly colorful dove with a bright green body, an orange belly, a dark chest band, a bright silver neck and chest, a slim white eyebrow, and a striking magenta forehead. Wings have dark splodges on them. Unique within its range. Call is a typical dove-like cooing, slow at the start and end, rapidly bubbling in the middle.

Mauritius Fody

Foudia rubra

A sparrow-like weaver. Red-hooded breeding males are distinctive, but females and non-breeding males are drab. A rare Mauritius endemic that is found in and adjacent to humid forest and woodland. Can be very similar to Red Fody. Breeding male Mauritius Fody lacks red on the back and belly, though molting male Red Fody can match this pattern. Females and non-breeding males very similar to Red Fody, but Mauritius Fody is darker and more greenish, with a longer, slimmer, slightly curved bill. Also similar to female House Sparrow, but distinguished by the thinner bill. Calls include high, silvery notes and lower-pitched “vet” notes. Both are sometimes given in a series. 

Australian Magpie

Gymnorhina tibicen

Large black-and-white bird with long, pale bill with dark tip. Larger than butcherbirds and differently patterned. Black head, face, underparts, white nape, upperwing coverts, and rump, and either black or white back (subspecies vary in plumage). Widespread in farmland, parks, and open woodlands, where usually seen in pairs or groups strutting on the ground. Song a memorable fluty warble.

Wattled Starling

Creatophora cinerea

A medium-sized gray-brown starling with dark wings and tail and a whitish rump. The pale bill and lemon-yellow facial skin in females and non-breeding males is subdued, but breeding males often acquire long, fleshy, dangling black wattles and canary-yellow naked skin on the head. This nomad always tends to be in groups, and breeds opportunistically in colonies. It occurs irregularly and is irruptive in short grasslands and open savannas; at any given location it may number in the thousands in some years, and be absent in others. It may associate with large mammals, capturing insects that they flush. Both sexes give a variety of squeaks and hissing notes.

Pardusco

Nephelornis oneilli

An odd, warbler-like bird found near treeline in the Andes of northern and central Peru. Pardusco means “brownish” in Spanish, and that fits the bird very well. It is best identified by its lack of field marks, its small and pointy bill, and its specialized habitat. Behavior is also a good clue, as it is typically found in little flocks that chatter and squeak as they move through elfin forest, often accompanied by other species.

Fraser's Sunbird

Deleornis fraseri

A sunbird masquerading as a warbler, this medium-sized sunbird of forest and forest edge is often found in small groups or mixed-species flocks searching the understory deliberately for insects. Overall yellow-green with more olive tones to the head. Has distinctive pale spectacles around its eye and a large, slightly decurved bill. Could be confused with longbills, but note Fraser’s Sunbird’s decurved bill and noticeable spectacles around the eyes. Calls include a short, dry “tiktiktik!” The song is a longer set of sunbird-like notes with noticeable pauses in between, varying in quality from clear whistles to trills: “dree, djier, drtil, drtil.” 

Terek Sandpiper

Xenus cinereus

Unique smallish wader with stumpy bright orange legs and a noticeably upturned bill. Plumage gray overall with white belly, but in flight shows conspicuous white trailing edge to wings. Breeds in valley floodplains in tundra and taiga. In the non-breeding season, occurs singly or in flocks in varied wetland habitats, from fresh marshes to tidal mudflats, and often apart from other shorebirds. Feeds by dashing after insects and also by probing bill in mud, like a mini-godwit.