Olive Spinetail
Cranioleuca obsoleta
Restless long-tailed species with an olive-brown back, whitish chin, and buffy underparts. Note the whitish eyebrow, rusty wing patch, and rusty tail. Mostly found in the canopy of humid forests and second growth, including Araucaria forests, where it often accompany mixed-species flocks. The song is a repetitive and fast high-pitched series of “psee” notes, which gradually descends in a trill.
识别特征
The olive spinetail is 12.5 to 15 cm (4.9 to 5.9 in) long and weighs 12 to 16 g (0.42 to 0.56 oz). It is a smallish, short-billed, member of genus Cranioleuca. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a whitish supercilium, a dull brown band behind the eye, buff and brown streaky ear coverts, and a plain buff malar area. Their forehead is streaked brown and buff, their crown is dull brownish olive, and their back and rump are a slightly richer brown. Their tail is chestnut-rufous; the feathers are graduated and lack barbs at the end giving a spiky appearance. Their wing coverts are dark chestnut-rufous, their primary coverts dark brown, and their flight feathers warm brown. Their throat is whitish, their breast buffy brownish, their belly pale olive-buff, and their flanks and undertail coverts somewhat darker. Their iris is variable, their maxilla black to dark brownish, their mandible pinkish, bluish gray, or whitish with a dark tip, and their legs and feet grayish olive to olive-green. Juveniles have darker upperparts than adults, with variable scaling on the breast.
分类信息
The olive spinetail is monotypic. It is closely related to the sister species stripe-crowned spinetail (C. pyrrhophia) and pallid spinetail (C. pallida). The olive and stripe-crowned spinetails hybridize in southern Brazil.
- 学名
- Cranioleuca obsoleta
- 命名信息
- (Reichenbach, 1853)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Cranioleuca
分布与栖息地
The olive spinetail is found from southern São Paulo state in southeastern Brazil south through eastern Paraguay into northeastern Argentina as far as northern Corrientes Province. It inhabits humid forest, both prinary and secondary, and woodlands dominated by Araucaria. In elevation it ranges from near sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The olive spinetail is a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The olive spinetail feeds on arthropods. It typically forages in pairs and often joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It acrobatically gleans prey from bark, moss, and epiphytes. It hitches and climbs along trunks and small branches, mostly in the forest's mid-storey but occasionally to its canopy.<p>The olive spinetail's breeding season is probably the austral spring and summer; eggs have been noted in October. It is thought to be monogamous. Its nest is thought to be a ball of moss with a side entrance. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.<p>The olive spinetail's song is a "short series, at first extr. high and hesitant 'tzit-tzit-tzit', and then a short trill ending in a very high '-sfeet-sfeet-sfeet' ". Its calls are "tst" and a "short, hard trill"; the second is also described as a "soft, dry, hurried trill".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Brown Creeper
Certhia americana
Tiny, cryptic woodland songbird, unique in North America. White below and streaked brown-and-buff above; blends into tree bark very easily. Also note narrow, decurved bill and long tail. In flight, shows a bold buffy wing stripe. When foraging, often starts near the base of a tree trunk, hitches upward in short, jerky motions until it nears the top, then flies to the base of a nearby tree to begin the process again. Found in mature woodland, especially with conifers. Often joins mixed flocks with other songbirds, especially in winter. Listen for high, thin calls and sweet cascading song.
Southern Double-collared Sunbird
Cinnyris chalybeus
A small sunbird. The male has a pale gray belly and relatively narrow red breast band. The female is overall gray-brown. Pairs and small groups visit a broad variety of habitats. The species gives a characteristic short two-note “cher-cher” call and a rapid high-pitched song of up-and-down notes. The only similar species it overlaps with is Greater Double-collared Sunbird, which differs by being 20% larger, with a longer heavier bill, a much broader red breast band in the male, and a slower song.
Arabian Wheatear
Oenanthe lugentoides
A dark wheatear in which males and females are very different. Males are black above, with a dark-streaked whitish cap, and white below. Females have a dark brown back and lightly streaked paler underparts. Both sexes have a buff undertail and a black-and-buff tail with a “T” pattern. The tail pattern is conspicuous in flight, as are white panels in the outer wings. Found in dry, rocky areas, usually with at least some trees and shrubs. The song consists of short, musical sequences of whistles and chattering notes, which are repeated after short pauses. Separated from similar wheatears with overlapping ranges by the combination of rufous undertail, and white outer wing panels.
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