Violet Sabrewing
Campylopterus hemileucurus
Very large, spectacular, and aggressive hummingbird of humid evergreen forest in highlands and foothills, descending locally and seasonally to lowlands in southeastern Mexico. Feeds at all levels at flowers and at times in canopy of roadside trees. Note the very large size, thick arched bill, and big, flashy white tail corners. Male’s amazing purple plumage often looks blackish overall, but when it catches the light—wow!
识别特征
The violet sabrewing is the largest hummingbird of Mexico and Central America. It is 13 to 15 cm (5.1 to 5.9 in) long and weighs 9 to 12 g (0.32 to 0.42 oz). Both sexes have a black bill, though those of subspecies C. h. mellitus are longer than the nominate's. Males of the nominate subspecies have a dusky crown with a bluish green gloss. Their nape and upper back, face, and underparts are metallic violet blue that is somewhat bluer on the belly. Their lower back and uppertail coverts are metallic green. Their central tail feathers are bluish green to bluish black and the rest blackish with wide white tips. Females have a dusky crown and metallic green to bronze green upperparts with a more bluish green rump. They have a violet blue throat. Their underparts are mostly gray with a whiter belly and metallic green spots along the sides and green undertail coverts. Their central tail feathers are bluish green and the rest blacker with wide white tips.<p>Males of subspecies C. h. mellitus have more green on their upper parts than the nominate and almost entirely violet underparts with no blue on the belly. Female's upper-parts have a coppery tinge and their throat is violet.
分类信息
The violet sabrewing has two subspecies, the nominate C. h. hemileucurus and C. h. mellitus.
- 学名
- Campylopterus hemileucurus
- 命名信息
- (Deppe, 1830)
- 目
- Apodiformes
- 科
- Trochilidae
- 属
- Campylopterus
分布与栖息地
The nominate subspecies of violet sabrewing is found from the Mexican states of Guerrero and Veracruz intermittently south through Guatemala, southern Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador into northern Nicaragua. Subspecies C. h. mellitus is found most of the length of Costa Rica into western Panama. The species inhabits the edges and interior of humid evergreen montane forest and mature secondary forest, banana plantations, and gardens. In Mexico, it generally ranges in elevation between 500 and 2,000 m (1,600 and 6,600 ft) but occurs as high as 2,500 m (8,200 ft). In Costa Rica, it ranges between 1,500 and 2,400 m (4,900 and 7,900 ft).
- 迁徙
- Vertical migration
行为
The violet sabrewing is mostly sedentary, but individuals frequently move to lower elevations after the breeding season.<p>The violet sabrewing feeds on nectar primarily by trap-lining, visiting a circuit of flowering plants. Males occasionally defend patches of flowers and are dominant over other hummingbirds. The species forages mostly in the understory, often on Heliconia, banana (Musa), Cephalism, and Palic urea though it visits others as well. It frequents nectar (sugar water) feeders and chases other hummingbirds from them. In addition to nectar, violet sabrewings also eat arthropods gleaned from foliage and spiderwebs.<p>The violet sabrewing breeds during the local rainy season, which ranges from June to September in Mexico and May to November in Costa Rica. In the latter country they may raise two broods. Males court females by singing in leks, typically in the understory or at the forest edge. The nest is a cup of moss cemented with spiderwebs and lined with fine fibers. In Costa Rica it is often built above a ravine or stream, on a horizontal branch 1 to 6 m (3 to 20 ft) above the ground. The female incubates the clutch of two eggs for 19 to 22 days and fledging occurs 22 to 24 days after hatch.<p>The violet sabrewing's song has been described as "cheep tsew cheep tik-tik tsew cheep ..., high-pitched, piercing and ventriloquial" and as "varied, loud, sharp chipping and warbles, often punctuated with fairly shrill, slightly explosive notes". Its calls are "high, sharp chippering", "prolonged, hard chipping", and "single sharp chips given in flight."
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Chin Hills Wren-Babbler
Spelaeornis oatesi
Tiny brown bird with a proportionally long tail and a white breast. The white breast is flecked with dark spots, while the brown upperparts appear scaled. Lacks the rusty tones found in other similar wren-babblers in the region. Occupies the understory of evergreen forests and adjacent scrub, where it skulks and is difficult to see. The song is a short, rapid warble of 5-8 strong notes.
Bounty Islands Shag
Leucocarbo ranfurlyi
A large pink-footed marine shag endemic to the Bounty Islands and surrounding coastal seas. Adults are black above with a blue sheen, white below, with white patches on upper wings visible in flight. Slim hooked bill is a faded brown or pink. Orange-yellow skin at the base of bill and gape, circling the eye, brightens during breeding along with a red-orange gular pouch. A single crest is developed during breeding season. Juveniles have brown rather than black on the upperparts and pale facial skin. No other shags have been recorded on the Bounty Islands.
Red-faced Guan
Penelope dabbenei
Mostly arboreal guan endemic to the semi-humid forest with Podocarpus and alders of the mid-elevation east Andes in southern Bolivia and northeast Argentina. Often in ravines and river basins. The sympatric Dusky-legged Guan is more common, but shows grayish-blue skin around the eye. Tends to perch high in trees, singly or in pairs, and often found by far-carrying vocalizations given from high in trees. Note pale supercilium, dull pinkish legs, exposed red orbital skin and wattle.
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