Mediterranean Gull
Ichthyaetus melanocephalus
Medium-sized gull, slightly larger than Black-headed Gull, more similar to Common Gull in size and shape but bill stouter. Adult is distinctive, the only small gull with snow-white wingtips; breeding plumage has black hood. Nonbreeding and immature have distinctive, dark smudges behind each ear. Juvenile has mottled brownish back, which molts to pale gray by winter. Breeds in typically water-adjacent colonies scattered throughout Europe and Western Asia, often with Black-headed Gulls. Frequently found with flocks of other medium-sized gulls outside of the breeding season.
识别特征
The Mediterranean gull is slightly larger and bulkier than the black-headed gull with a heavier bill and longer, darker legs. The breeding plumage adult is a distinctive white gull, with a very pale grey mantle and wings with white primary feathers without black tips. The black hood extends down the nape and shows distinct white eye crescents. The sharp-tipped, parallel sided, dark red bill has a black subterminal band. The non breeding adult is similar but the hood is reduced to an extensive dusky "bandit" mask through the eye. This bird takes two years to reach maturity. First year birds have a black terminal tail band and more black areas in the upperwings, but have pale underwings.
分类信息
- 学名
- Ichthyaetus melanocephalus
- 命名信息
- (Temminck, 1820)
- 目
- Charadriiformes
- 科
- Laridae
- 属
- Ichthyaetus
分布与栖息地
Formerly restricted to the Black Sea and the eastern Mediterranean this species has now expanded over most of Europe as far as Great Britain and Ireland, with 37 sites: 543–592 pairs in the United Kingdom in 2008, breeding in Scotland for the first time in 2023. In Ireland breeding has been recorded in at least four counties. Breeding has also occurred in Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Estonia, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and the Balkans.<p>In winter, this bird migrates to Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts.
- 繁殖区
- PAL : inland s Britain and e Spain to sw Russia, Ukraine and Azerbaijan
- 非繁殖区
- coasts of e North Atlantic from s Ireland and Britain to Canary Is. (Macaronesia, w of nw Africa) and wc Africa; Black Sea, and throughout Mediterranean and associated seas
- 迁徙
- Complete migrants
行为
This gull breeds in colonies in large reed beds or marshes, or on islands in lakes; where its population is small, it nests in black-headed gull colonies. Like most gulls, it is highly gregarious in winter, both when feeding or in evening roosts. It is not a pelagic species, and is rarely seen at sea far from coasts.<p>The Mediterranean gull's feeding habits are much an opportunistic omnivore, eating fish, worms, insects, eggs, young birds, offal and carrion.<p>This is a noisy species, especially at colonies, with a nasal "yeah" call.
保护状况
The Mediterranean gull is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Yellow-shouldered Grassquit
Loxipasser anoxanthus
A small seed-eating species of forest edges, open woodlands, and nearby weedy areas; usually found in groups of two to five birds. Both sexes have bright yellow-green shoulders and a buff vent, which are diagnostic but can be difficult to see. Otherwise, the Black-faced Grassquit is rather similar, but can be distinguished by its slimmer bill and duller back. Furthermore, male Yellow-shouldered Grassquits have an entirely black head, whereas black is limited to the face on the Black-faced Grassquit. The song is a series of four or five high-pitched buzzy notes that either rising or dropping in pitch, followed by one to three notes at another different pitch.
Whistler's Warbler
Phylloscopus whistleri
One of a confusingly similar complex of species, this medium-sized warbler has a bright yellow eye-ring, a pale and indistinct wingbar, and a grayish crown bordered by two long black stripes. The weakness and greenish cast of the gray crown separates this species from various other “golden-spectacled”-type warblers, such as Gray-crowned. Golden-spectacled Warbler is very similar; in Whistler’s, look out for an unbroken eye-ring, a shorter bill, a longer tail, and slightly duller green upperparts. Whistler’s breeds in high-altitude temperate broadleaf forest from around 2000 meters up to the treeline; averages higher in altitudinal breeding preferences than Golden-spectacled Warbler. Like other “golden-spectacled”-type warblers, Whistler’s typically forages at lower and middle levels of forest, often mixing with other species and making flycatching sallies. Song consists of a 2- or 3-noted whistled phrase repeated 2-3 times without pause, lacking the trills of Golden-spectacled Warbler.
White-throated Tapaculo
Scelorchilus albicollis
Fairly common but sometimes local; heard far more often than seen. Found in dry scrubby habitats on rocky slopes, often with bamboo. Runs quickly with tail cocked, but often calls from an elevated perch in a bush or atop a large rock. Smaller and slimmer than Moustached Turca (often in same areas), with a longer and brighter rusty tail, a whitish throat and chest bib, and variable dark barring on the belly.
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