Crimson Topaz
Topaza pella
Large, distinctive hummingbird. Superb male is mostly red and essentially unmistakable; female best told by large size and mostly green plumage with orange outer tail feathers. Found in lowland forest, usually along blackwater creeks in forests with sandy soils. Nests on low vegetation overhanging water. Very noisy and aggressive in territorial defense; loud, smacking calls are often heard before the birds are seen.
识别特征
The male crimson topaz is 21 to 23 cm (8.3 to 9.1 in) long including the 5 cm (2.0 in) bill and 8.6 to 12 cm (3.4 to 4.7 in) tail, and weighs 11 to 18 g (0.39 to 0.63 oz). Females are 13 to 14 cm (5.1 to 5.5 in) long and weigh 9 to 12.5 g (0.32 to 0.44 oz). It may be the second largest species of hummingbird after the giant hummingbird, rivaled only by its cousin, the fiery topaz.<p>Male and female crimson topaz have different plumages. Both have a straight to slightly decurved bill. The male's head, face, and the sides of the neck are velvety black. Its back is iridescent crimson to gold on the uppertail coverts. The central tail feathers are bronzy green and the outer ones chestnut; two of the latter are elongated and crossed. The throat is golden green surrounded by a black band and the underparts bright red. The wings are brown. The female's head and back are dark green and its underparts a lighter green with golden green inclusions; the throat is green with crimson inclusions. The central tail feathers are bronzy, the middle pair violet, and the outer pair chestnut, and none are elongated like the male's.
分类信息
The crimson topaz was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Trochilus pella. Linnaeus based his description on the "Long-tail'd red huming-bird" that had been described and illustrated by the English naturalist George Edwards in 1743 from a specimen owned by Charles Lennox, the Duke of Richmond. The specimen had been collected in Suriname. The specific epithet is from the Latin pellus meaning "dark-colored". The crimson topaz is now placed in the genus Topaza that was introduced by George Robert Gray in 1840 with the crimson topaz as the type species.<p>Three subspecies are recognised:<p>The crimson topaz has been treated as conspecific with the fiery topaz (T. pyra) but currently (2021) the two are considered to form a superspecies.
- 学名
- Topaza pella
- 命名信息
- (Linnaeus, 1758)
- 目
- Apodiformes
- 科
- Trochilidae
- 属
- Topaza
分布与栖息地
The subspecies of crimson topaz are distributed thus:<p>The species mainly inhabits inland rainforest in lowlands and foothills at elevations up to 500 m (1,600 ft). It frequents granite outcrops and also gallery forest along small waterways.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The crimson topaz is mostly sedentary during the breeding season but at other times appears to roam elsewhere seeking flowering plants.<p>Male crimson topaz defend feeding territories. The species feeds on nectar of flowering trees, mainly in the canopy of the forest, and also the flowers of vines and epiphytes. It has been observed feeding in flowering shrubs near the ground in Suriname. It also captures small insects in the air, both above the canopy and low along streams.<p>The crimson topaz's breeding season varies across its range; it has two seasons in the Guianas. Males make display flights that show the white feathers on their legs. The female builds a cup nest of Ceiba seed fibers and spider web, often on vertical branches or in vines, and often over water. The clutch size is two eggs.<p>The crimson topaz's song is an "irregular series of chattering 'chip' notes given almost continually (other than breaks to feed) throughout the day." It often sings from a perch in the canopy and may make short flights out and back to the same perch between songs.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Green-winged Pytilia
Pytilia melba
A vividly colored waxbill with a red bill, rump, and tail and an olive-green back and wings. The male’s forehead and throat are orange-red, and it sports a bright breast band which varies in color geographically. The female lacks the breast band and has a gray head. Pairs and small flocks are resident in arid thorn savanna, dry woodland, and cultivation, where they feed on the ground for seeds and insects and fly into trees when disturbed. The species may join mixed-species flocks. The similar Orange-winged Pytilia differs from the larger Green-winged Pytilia by having diagnostic golden-yellow edges to the wing feathers.
Montane Woodcreeper
Lepidocolaptes lacrymiger
Fairly small and slender woodcreeper found in Andean subtropical zone from Venezuela to Bolivia. Warm brown overall, with rufous wings and tail. Distinct white streaking on underparts, white throat, and white eyebrow. Note slender, obviously decurved bill, which is useful to separate Montane from other woodcreepers in range. Fairly common in mossy cloud forest, where it frequently follows mixed species flocks. Like other woodcreepers, hitches up tree trunks and large limbs.
Red-and-green Macaw
Ara chloropterus
Enormous parrot with a long pointed tail, a red head and body with mostly blue wings and green wing coverts. It has a white face with distinct red stripes. Only possible confusion species is Scarlet Macaw, which has yellow (not green) wing coverts and lacks red stripes on the face. Found in lowland rainforests from eastern Panama to Paraguay. Usually found in pairs, flying over the forest and perching in the canopy. Can gather in small groups, especially at fruiting trees or clay licks. Nests in cavities. Listen for raucous calls, typical of large macaws.
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