Black-bellied Antwren
Formicivora melanogaster
Small antbird with a long tail and distinctive plumage. The male is dark gray brown above and black below with an obvious white eyebrow, white wing bars, and a white-tipped tail. The female is brown above with a whitish throat and buff below. Found in the understory of deciduous forests and caatinga scrub where it occasionally follows mixed-species flocks. The song is a repetition of nasal “tjew” notes.
识别特征
The black-bellied antwren is 12 to 14 cm (4.7 to 5.5 in) long. Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a wide white supercilium that extends down the neck, along the side of the breast, and widens on the flanks. Their crown and upperparts are dark grayish brown with white edges on the outer scapulars and a hidden white patch between them. Their wings are blackish with white tips on the coverts. Their tail is black with white feather tips that increase in size from the central to the outer feathers. Their face, throat, and underparts are black with white underwing coverts. Adult females have a browner crown and back than males with little or no white between the scapulars. They have a wide black band through the eye, a white throat, and white underparts with a faint buff tinge. Males of subspecies F. m. bahiae have a wider white line between the supercilium and the breast, paler upperparts, and smaller white spots on the tail than the nominate. Females are the same as the nominate.
分类信息
The black-bellied antwren was described by the Austrian ornithologist August von Pelzeln in 1868 and given its current binomial name Formicivora melanogaster. It and the serra antwren (F. serrana) are sister species. The black-bellied Antwren has two subspecies, the nominate F. m. melanogaster (Pelzeln, 1868) and F. m. bahiae (Hellmayr, 1909).
- 学名
- Formicivora melanogaster
- 命名信息
- Pelzeln, 1868
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Thamnophilidae
- 属
- Formicivora
分布与栖息地
The nominate subspecies of the black-bellied antwren is the more southerly of the two and has a wider distribution. It is found in central Brazil from southern Bahia, northern Minas Gerais, and western São Paulo states west through far northern Paraguay into southeastern Bolivia's departments of Santa Cruz, Chuquisaca, and Tarija. Subspecies F. m. bahiae is found in norteastern Brazil in an area roughly bounded by extreme eastern Maranhão, Rio Grande do Norte, and northern Bahia.<p>The black-bellied antwren inhabits the understorey to mid-storey of tropical deciduous forest, gallery forest, caatinga scrublands, and the ecotone between caatinga and cerrado. It also occurs in mata-de-cipó, a biome characterized by a relatively open understorey and a few large emergent trees above a dense mid-storey.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The black-bellied antwren is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The black-bellied antwren's diet has not been detailed but is known to include insects and spiders. It typically forage singly, in pairs, or in family groups, and sometimes as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. It usually forages from the ground to about 3 m (10 ft) above it, but has been observed feeding as high as 6 m (20 ft) above it in Minas Gerais. It forages actively in dense shrubs and vine tangles, taking most prey by gleaning while perched from live leaves, vines, branches, and stems. It sometimes makes short jumps or brief sallies from a perch to reach the underside of leaves. In areas of mata-de-cipó it does much foraging in terrestrial bromeliads. It has not been observed following army ant swarms.<p>The black-bellied antwren's nesting season is known to include January. Its nest is an open cup of plant material lined with fine grass fibers and secured with spiderweb in the fork of a branch. The only well-studied nest had two nestlings that were being fed by both parents. The incubation period, time to fledging, and other details of parental care are not known.<p>The black-bellied antwren's song is a "slow series of high, nasal 'tjew' notes (2/sec over 8 sec)". Its calls may vary geographically and include "a short series of complaining squeals...also sharp high-pitched 'seek' notes and lower-pitched, short downslurred notes".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Senegal Coucal
Centropus senegalensis
Small coucal with a black cap and buffy underparts. There is a localized West African population that shows black underparts, save for a rufous belly. Found in a variety of habitats with a thick understory, including tall grassland, scrub, thickets within savanna, and forest edge. Skulks in the undergrowth, occasionally emerging to sit on an exposed perch, especially when drying out after a rainstorm. Song is a descending and accelerating series of deep “boop” notes. In the small area of overlap with Burchell’s Coucal, separated by the plain black rather than barred top of the tail. Immature has a streaked back and resembles White-browed Coucal but is more rufous below. Much smaller than Black-throated and Coppery-tailed Coucals.
Chinese White-browed Rosefinch
Carpodacus dubius
Attractive medium-sized rosefinch. Male has a bright pink face and underparts; unlike the male Himalayan White-browed Rosefinch, he lacks the dark line through the eye, and so does not have an “eyebrowed” appearance. Female is streaky brown all over with paler underparts. Breeds in semi-open scrub, forests, and forest edge at around 3000-4800 meters. Winters in scrubby hilly habitat, sometimes at lower altitudes. Forages on the ground in pairs or small flocks. Commonly gives a rapid series of nasal bleats.
Plumbeous Warbler
Setophaga plumbea
A striking small bird that frequents montane forests, but sometimes ventures into dry scrub and mangroves. This species is readily distinguished by its overall gray plumage (tinged green above and yellow below on immature birds) with boldly contrasting white eyebrows and wingbars. All potential confusion species are migrants from North America that have streaking above and/or below that Plumbeous Warbler lacks. Typically feeds in understory with tail often cocked upwards. Song consists of a dozen or so leisurely whistled sweet notes, the first three of which are at same pitch; at times only first three notes are given. Call is a dry rattle.
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