Foothill Stipplethroat
Epinecrophylla spodionota
Small antwren of dense foothill forests. Male is grayish with the black speckled throat that gives this group of antwrens their name. Note also the bold whitish wingbars, and brown flanks, rump, and tail. Females are entirely tan with bold wingbars. Forages in the understory of mature forest, often in mixed-species flocks. Song is a rising-falling series of high pitched notes.
识别特征
The foothill stipplethroat is 10 to 11 cm (3.9 to 4.3 in) long and weighs 9 to 10.5 g (0.32 to 0.37 oz). Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a mostly gray face and a black throat with white spots. They have a brown-tinged dark gray crown and back, a dark reddish yellow-brown rump, and a dark brown tail and flight feathers. Their wing coverts are blackish brown with pale buff or white tips. Their breast and upper belly are gray and their lower belly, flanks, and undertail coverts reddish yellow-brown. Adult females have a mostly yellow-ochre face, throat, and underparts; the throat has some darker mottling. Their upperparts are olive-brown with a buff tinge on the rump. Their wings and flight feathers are brown and their wing coverts brown with pinkish buff tips. Males of subspecies E. s. sororia have more olive upperparts than the nominate, with less reddish rump, flanks, and undertail coverts. Females have paler underparts than the nominate.
分类信息
The foothill stipplethroat was described by the English ornithologists Philip Sclater and Osbert Salvin in 1880 and given the binomial name Myrmotherula spodionota. Based on genetic and vocal studies it and seven other members of that genus were moved to the newly created genus Epinecrophylla. All were eventually named "stipplethroats" to highlight a common feature and to set them apart from Myrmotherula antwrens.<p>The foothill stipplethroat has two subspecies, the nominate E. s. spodionota (Sclater & Salvin, 1880) and E. s. sororia (von Berlepsch & Stolzmann, 1894).
- 学名
- Epinecrophylla spodionota
- 命名信息
- (Sclater, PL & Salvin, 1880)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Thamnophilidae
- 属
- Epinecrophylla
分布与栖息地
The nominate subspecies of the foothill stipplethroat is found on the east side of the Andes from southern Colombia south through Ecuador into northern Peru to the Marañón River. Subspecies E. s. sororia is found in Peru south of the Marañón as far as the Department of Madre de Dios. The species inhabits the understorey of foothill and lower montane evergreen forest. In Colombia it occurs between 600 and 1,400 m (2,000 and 4,600 ft), in Ecuador between 600 and 1,425 m (2,000 and 4,700 ft), and in Peru as low as 500 m (1,600 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The foothill stipplethroat is believed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The foothill stipplethroat feeds on arthropods, especially insects and probably spiders. It typically forages singly, in pairs, or in small family groups, and usually as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. It mostly forages in the forest understory up to about 4 m (10 ft) above the ground but occasionally as high as 8 m (25 ft). It takes its prey almost entirely by gleaning from dead leaves on trees and caught in vine tangles and small palms. It much less frequently feeds from mosses, bark, and live leaves.<p>The foothill stipplethroat's breeding season has not been defined but includes March. Nothing else is known about its breeding biology.<p>The foothill stipplethroat's song is "a trill of abrupt, sibilant notes first ascending sharply and then gradually dropping in pitch". Its calls include a "short, high-pitched rattle".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Pearly Parakeet
Pyrrhura lepida
Long-tailed forest parakeet with a dark crown, a scaled nape and breast, and a blue tinge to the cheeks, breast, and vent. Found in humid forest, at forest edges, and in old second growth, where it is usually encountered flying through the subcanopy in noisy flocks or eating quietly at fruiting trees.
Gold-whiskered Barbet
Psilopogon chrysopogon
Bright yellow cheek stands out like a sunburst on the muddy-looking face of this barbet. Traces of red and blue also brighten the head of this heavy-billed green bird. Inhabits lowland and foothill forests. Like many other barbets, forages sluggishly high up in the forest canopy, and can be difficult to see; listen instead for its song, a series of echoing rhythmic “woo-ooh” notes, sometimes combined with trilled hoots.
Tristram's Starling
Onychognathus tristramii
Large, long-winged, and long-tailed starling. In flight, shows large orange wing panels. Males are glossy-black while females are browner overall. Noticeable from a distance by its unique call that often echos off desert wadi cliffs—a clear whistle “tuwheeuwheet.” Often found in small or medium flocks; can be tame and bold. Feeds on fruit, seeds, and arthropods.
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