Plumbeous Rail
Pardirallus sanguinolentus
Chickenlike rail seen at the edge of various wetlands, even in close proximity to human habitations. Uniformly dark gray below with a brown back, and red legs and eyes. Similar to Blackish Rail, but has a red spot at the base of the lower mandible, a blue patch at the base of the upper mandible, and a dark (not white) throat. The voice is a squeaky repetition of “truie, truie,” which can be heard all day.
识别特征
The blackish rail is 30 to 38 cm (12 to 15 in) long and weighs 170 to 230 g (6.0 to 8.1 oz). The sexes are alike. They have red eyes and legs. They have a green bill and in all but subspecies P. s. luridus the maxilla has a sky blue base and the mandible a bright red one. The nominate subspecies P. s. sanguinolentus has mottled brown upperparts and plain gray face and underparts. The other subspecies differ somewhat in size and plumage. P. s. luridus is the largest and P. s. zelebori the smallest. P. s. simonsi is more olive brown above and paler gray below than the nominate. P. s. tschudii also has paler underparts. P. s. landbecki is more more olive brown upperparts than the nominate and no mottling. P. s. luridus has no mottling on its upperparts and has paler gray underparts than the nominate.
分类信息
The plumbeous rail has previously been placed in the large genus Rallus, and also in genus Orygonax with the blackish rail (Pardirallus nigricans). Some authors propose that the blackish and plumbeous rails are conspecific, and they do form a superspecies. The plumbeous rail has these six subspecies:
- 学名
- Pardirallus sanguinolentus
- 命名信息
- (Swainson, 1838)
- 目
- Gruiformes
- 科
- Rallidae
- 属
- Pardirallus
分布与栖息地
The six subspecies of plumbeous rail are distributed thus. The species is found further south than any other South American rail.<p>The plumbeous rail inhabits a variety of landscapes characterized by water and vegetative cover. Examples include reed marshes (even small ones), ponds with floating vegetation, irrigated croplands, wet ditches through pasture, and oases in arid areas. In elevation it occurs mostly in the lowlands but ranges in some limited areas as high as 2,500 m (8,200 ft) and in a few locations up to about 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
- 迁徙
- Complete migrants
行为
The plumbeous rail's movement patterns are imperfectly known. Some populations, such as those along the Atlantic coast, are known to be sedentary. Those that nest on the Argentine Pampas may move north in winter.<p>The plumbeous rail mostly forages at twilight but is also active during both day and night. It seeks its diet of grubs, worms, and insects in marshes, ponds, and nearby cultivated fields.<p>The plumbeous rail's breeding season varies geographically but is generally within October to January. It makes a rudimentary nest of dry grass on the ground among bushes or tall grass near water. The clutch size is four to six eggs. The incubation period and time to fledging are not known.<p>Male plumbeous rails sing "a series of high, penetrating, rolling squeals" in a duet with the female's "low, deep 'hoo' notes". They sing at any time of day. Their calls are "repeated 'giyp' or 'wit' notes".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Green-throated Mango
Anthracothorax viridigula
Large, dark hummingbird found in coastal regions and along large rivers. Use caution eliminating the more widespread Black-throated Mango, which often occurs in the same habitats; female-plumaged birds in particular may not be safely separable. Found in mangroves, abandoned plantations, swampy forests, and urban areas, often at higher levels in flowering trees, where it feeds on nectar and hawks for tiny flying insects. In proper light, green throat of male is diagnostic. Tail color is useful if bird can be studied at length; Green-throated’s tail is mostly purple, with brownish central tail feathers (tail of Black-throated is more chestnut, but subject to variation depending on light).
Yellow Cardinal
Gubernatrix cristata
Striking yellow and black songbird. Note the black pointed crest. Males have a yellow eyebrow and moustachial stripe; females have a white moustacial stripe and grayish cheeks and breast. Occurs in open woodlands, avoiding grasslands and human-modified landscapes. Forages on the ground in pairs or in family groups. Has a melodic song, a series of variable whistles: “wir-wit-chu wir-wit-chu twiit wit-chu tiit wit-chu tiit.” Now very rare because of illegal capture for the cagebird trade.
Australasian Swamphen
Porphyrio melanotus
Conspicuous blue and black waterhen with gigantic red bill and forehead shield. Has large feet and white under tail feathers which it flicks up and down when walking. Occurs in a wide variety of wetland habitats and is a common sight in urban parks. They are very vocal, often making loud crowing calls and a range of other shorter squawks, including a single note squawk at night.
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