Tropical Royal Flycatcher
Onychorhynchus coronatus
Uncommon, medium-sized, overall warm brown flycatcher of humid tropical forest in lowlands. Note the hammerhead crest—very rarely fully raised to reveal spectacular, flame-red fan with violet-blue-black tips. Otherwise looks rather flat-headed. Also note the long bill, and pale cinnamon rump and tail. Usually found as singles or pairs in mid-levels of dense forest, where flutters actively after insects. Nest is a straggly mass of dead vegetation up to 3 feet long that hangs from the tip of a branch, often along streambeds. Often detected by single squeaky calls; rarely-heard song variable across range. Occurs from Mexico to Brazil.
识别特征
The tropical royal flycatcher is approximately 12.5 to 18 cm (4.9 to 7.1 in) long and weighs 9.7 to 21 g (0.34 to 0.74 oz). It has an erectile fan-shaped crest. In the nominate subspecies O. c. coronatus it is red with blue tips in the male and yellow or orange in the female. The sexes' plumages are otherwise alike. Adults have a broken buffy eye ring and a faint buffy streak on the cheek. Their upperparts are dark brown with narrow black and buffy bars on the lower back. Their rump and tail are cinnamon-rufous that is browner towards the end of the tail. Their wings are dark brown with small buff spots on the tips of the coverts and tertials. Their throat is whitish, their breast warm buff with narrow black bars, and their belly plain warm buff. Their iris is various shades of brown, their maxilla dark brown to blackish, their mandible horn to yellowish or orange, and their legs and feet dull yellow or orangish.<p>Subspecies O. c. castelnaui is very like the nominate, though slightly smaller and with less barring on the back. O. c. mexicanus is the largest subspecies. Its upperparts are not as dark as the nominate's, its tail more rufous, its chin and throat white, and its breast has less barring. O. c. fraterculus is slightly smaller than mexicanus, with a paler cinnamon rump and tail and even less barring on the breast. O. c. occidentalis is about the same size as fraterculus. It is mostly bright buffy brown, with a pale tawny tail and an unmarked breast. The male's crest is more red than the nominate's orange, with black tips.
分类信息
The tropical royal flycatcher was formally described in 1776 by the German zoologist Philipp Statius Müller under the binomial name Muscicapa coronata. Müller based his account on a hand-colored illustration of the "Tyran hupé de Cayenne" that had been engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet. The specific epithet is from Latin coronatus meaning "crowned". The tropical royal flycatcher is now placed together with Atlantic royal flycatcher in the genus Onychorhynchus that was introduced in 1810 by the German naturalist Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim.<p>For many years the IOC considered the Amazonian royal flycatcher and three other royal flycatcher taxa to be separate species. In 2024 the IOC combined ("lumped") the northern, Amazonian, and Pacific royal flycatchers as this article's single species, the tropical royal flycatcher, and left the Atlantic royal flycatcher (O. swainsoni) unchanged.<p>Other taxonomic systems differ in their treatment of the royal flycatchers. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) retains the four-species treatment that IOC abandoned. Through 2022 the Clements taxonomy treated the northern, Amazonian, Pacific, and Atlantic taxa as a single species, the royal flycatcher. In 2023 Clements split the Atlantic from it and renamed the remainder the tropical royal flycatcher, achieving somewhat earlier the same two species as the 2024 IOC change. However, Clements places them in family Oxyruncidae, rather than in Tityridae like the IOC.<p>The North American and South American Classification Committees of the American Ornithological Society (AOS) recognize one royal flycatcher, just as Clements did until 2023, but place it in family Onychorhynchidae. The South American committee is seeking a proposal for reevaluation of the taxa.<p>The IOC and Clements recognize these five subspecies of the tropical royal flycatcher:<p>Subspecies O. c. mexicanus and O. c. occidentalis have sometimes been treated as separate species.
- 学名
- Onychorhynchus coronatus
- 命名信息
- (Müller, PLS, 1776)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Tityridae
- 属
- Onychorhynchus
分布与栖息地
The subspecies of the tropical royal flycatcher are found thus:<p>The tropical royal flycatcher inhabits humid lowlands, both primary evergreen and second growth forests. It is a bird of the lower levels and midstory, often along streams and in seasonally flooded várzea forest. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in much of Central America and Colombia though lower in Costa Rica. In Brazil it occurs below 1,000 m (3,300 ft), in eastern Ecuador below 400 m (1,300 ft), and in western Ecuador below 600 m (2,000 ft)
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The tropical royal flycatcher appears to be a year-round resident in most of its range. Some seasonal movements have been noted on Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula and in southwestern Ecuador.<p>The tropical royal flycatcher is insectivorous. Most subspecies forage low in the forest, up to about 3 m (10 ft) above the ground, though O. c. occidentalis will often feed as high as 15 m (50 ft). The species typically forages singly or less often in pairs, and occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It sallies from a perch to capture prey in mid-air or from foliage and branches, and returns to the perch to eat it.<p>The tropical royal flycatcher's breeding season has not been established. Their nest is long and narrow and is suspended from a branch or vine, usually above water. The clutch is two eggs; only the female incubates them and broods and feeds the nestlings.<p>The tropical royal flycatcher is usually inconspicuous and quiet. Its songs differ among the subspecies. That of O. c. coronatus and O. c. castelnaui is "a series of long melodious whistles, starting with a loud flat-pitched introductory note and followed by a series of lower-pitched disyllabic mellow whistles wheeee-pihuuw-pihuuuw-pihuuw". That of O. c. mexicanus in Mexico is "a descending, slowing series of plaintive whistles, usually 5‒8, whi' peeu peeu peeu peeu peeu ..., or wh' wheeu wheeu ...". Further south it is "a series of rather sharp downslurred whistles preceded by a short introductory note, whit..eeeuw...eeeuw...eeeuw". The song of O. c. occidentalis has seldom been recorded and has not been described. The species' calls include "a loud, mellow, hollow-sounding keeeyup or keee-yew", "a low-pitched sur-líp", and "a squeaky to hollow, plaintive whee-uk or see-yuk".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
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Sasia ochracea
Minute woodpecker of lowland and foothill forests, where it forages in areas with dense low vegetation at the lower and middle levels. Predominantly rusty orange, with an olive-green crown and wings and a small but bright white eyebrow; the very similar Rufous Piculet lacks a pale brow. Male White-broweds have a bright yellow patch on the forehead which females lack. Often solitary, but can be found in small flocks and mixed-species foraging groups. Gives an explosive, squeaky, often descending chatter and sharp “chip” notes.
Maroon Oriole
Oriolus traillii
Large, pale-eyed songbird of lower and middle elevations of montane forests. Male blood red with inky black head and wings and dark bill; female similar but less richly colored. Juvenile brown above, pale with dark stippling below, paler bill, and tawny undertail coverts. Birds in Taiwan and central Vietnam are much brighter red overall. Usually seen in pairs or small flocks, sometimes with mixed-species flocks. Pairs often engage in an ethereal duet: male gives a series of melodic notes, to which the female responds with a long, airy whistle. Also gives harsh, rasping calls.
Bismarck Kingfisher
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A medium-sized blue-and-white kingfisher with a big, heavy black bill. Bluish-green upperparts and chest band contrast with creamy white underparts and white neck patch. Tail and rump lighter blue. Found along slow-flowing lowland rivers. Common Kingfisher is smaller, with orange underparts, and Little Kingfisher is much smaller with a comparatively thinner, weaker bill. Bismarck is told from dwarf kingfishers by larger size, heavier bill, and plain blue upperparts not flecked white. Told from all other blue-and-white kingfishers by blue hindneck and lack of black mask. Call is a loud whistle, stronger and less hissing than Common Kingfisher’s.
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