Plain-tailed Wren
Pheugopedius euophrys
Bamboo-loving wren of the Andes known for its beautiful song duets. Plumage and song vary geographically. All birds are brown and gray overall with black and white face and mustache stripes. In most of Ecuador and in southwestern Colombia, it has black spots or speckles on its breast. Elsewhere it lacks breast markings and has a black crown. Pairs skulk in dense bamboo, and their loud, whistled song duets carry over long distances.
识别特征
The plain-tailed wren has an unflattened wing of 64–71 mm and weighs from 20 to 36 g. The back, wings, and tail are rufous, with an olive cast on the back. The belly and other underparts are buffy-gray, and the head is gray with black and white stripes (superciliary, malar, and submalar stripes). The bill is gray and slightly decurved. The plain-tailed is large for a wren, but shows the characteristic short tail shared by the family. As the name suggests, it is unique among wrens because its tail lacks any barring.<p>Plain-tailed wrens on the western slope of the Andes tend to have heavy black spotting on the breast, while eastern-slope birds show no such markings.<p>The plain-tailed wren sings a rolling, repetitive song. Singing pairs of plain-tailed wrens coordinate such that the duets between males and females alternate syllables so quickly it sounds as if a single bird is singing. Research finds the brains of both birds process the entire duet, not just each bird's own contribution. Groups of males and females also in groups of up to seven individuals chorus in synchrony. Each bird has a repertoire of roughly 20 phrases, and they, in synchrony, select the same type at the same time as others of their sex. Songs can last up to 2 min, during which individuals join in and drop out. Two-part antiphonal choruses usually take an ABCD form, where the male contributes the A and C phrases and the female sings during B and D. Group choruses are thought to be used in mutual territory defense to intimidate intruding individuals.
分类信息
The plain-tailed wren belongs to the order Passeriformes and the family Troglodytidae. There are four subspecies, T. euophrys euophrys, T. e. longipes, T. e. atriceps, and T. e. schulenbergi.
- 学名
- Pheugopedius euophrys
- 命名信息
- (Sclater, PL, 1860)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Troglodytidae
- 属
- Pheugopedius
分布与栖息地
The plain-tailed wren prefers chusquea bamboo thickets in tropical moist montane forests. It also frequents recently disturbed areas, such as fresh landslides, presumably because of the increase in insect activity. It is most commonly found at elevations between 2200 and 3200 metres. It is found mainly in Ecuador, but its range extends into southern Colombia and northern Peru.The plain-tailed wren is listed as a species of least concern. It is common within its range.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The plain-tailed wren is mainly insectivorous, like most other wrens. Its diet can include seeds and berries, but these are not its primary food source. The bird is most often observed foraging on or near the ground in chusquea bamboo undergrowth, in search of invertebrates.<p>Plain-tailed wrens are thought to use song duetting as a form of bonding and/or mate guarding. No other information regarding mating systems or nesting behavior was found.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- unknown
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
White-headed Mousebird
Colius leucocephalus
Like all mousebirds, has a distinctive shape: a chunky body, a long tail, and a shaggy crest. Gray-brown overall with a mostly silvery-white head. Note the pale blue-gray bill with a dark tip. There is a white slash on the back that can be conspicuous in flight. Small groups are found in dry savanna and thorn scrub. The calls include quiet “tet” notes and a rollicking series of squeaky notes. Similar to Speckled Mousebird, but generally found in drier habitat and separated by the white crest, the barred back, and the mostly pale bill.
Australasian Gannet
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Large black-and-white seabird with heavy, pointed bill. Adult white with black flight feathers and central tail feathers, yellow-washed head. Feeds in spectacular fashion, plunge-diving into the ocean to capture prey. Juvenile mostly dark with many small white spots. Widespread off southern Australian coastlines and in New Zealand. Breeds in large colonies. In northern parts of range, compare Masked Booby, which has black trailing edge to inner wing, all-black tail, and heavy yellow bill.
Tepui Vireo
Vireo sclateri
Small, arboreal bird of tepui highlands. Olive-gray above and yellowish below, with a gray head, pinkish bill, and pale eye. One of the most widespread tepui endemics, it occurs in both tall and stunted forest on tepui slopes and on isolated formations at elevations as low as 500 meters. Forages actively, searching foliage for insects and often joining mixed-species flocks. Usually heard before it is seen. Song is a distinctive two-parted whistle, with varying degrees of inflection, the second note lower-pitched. Also gives harsh scold notes like other vireos. Most similar to Lemon-chested Greenlet but has very different voice and occurs at higher elevations.
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