Sand-colored Nighthawk
Chordeiles rupestris
Light-colored nighthawk of Amazonian rivers. Tan with fine patterning and largely white underparts. Appears evenly tan when perched, blending in with the beach or branch it is perched on; in flight, broad white wing stripe and white breast and belly contrast highly with black areas. Roosts on beaches and exposed branches and logs along rivers, foraging for insects low over beaches and rivers and sometimes higher in the sky, usually at dusk. Often roosts and forages in large flocks, occasionally upwards of 100 individuals. Similar only to Nacunda Nighthawk, which is much larger with broader wing tips, and a distinct white wing band on each wing contrasting with black wing tip (not a large wedge of white as in Sand-colored).
识别特征
The sand-colored nighthawk is 20.5 to 22 cm (8.1 to 8.7 in) long. Its upperparts are pale grayish brown with darker brown streaks, bars, and spots. The chin and throat are white to buffy white, the breast grayish white with a cinnamon tinge and brown bars and spots, and the belly white with brown spots on its upper part. The underside of the wing is also mostly white.
分类信息
Major taxonomic systems recognize two subspecies of sand-colored nighthawk, the nominate Chordeiles rupestris rupestris and C. r. xylostictus. However, at least two authors contend it is better treated as monotypic.
- 学名
- Chordeiles rupestris
- 命名信息
- (Spix, 1825)
- 目
- Caprimulgiformes
- 科
- Caprimulgidae
- 属
- Chordeiles
分布与栖息地
The nominate subspecies of sand-colored nighthawk is found widely in northwestern Amazonia of southeastern Colombia, southwestern Venezuela, northeastern Peru, and northwestern Brazil. It is also found more narrowly along river corridors in eastern Ecuador, Peru, northern Bolivia, and western Brazil. C. r. xylostictus is found only in Colombia's Cundinamarca Department. The species inhabits the western Amazon basin, primarily along watercourses but including oxbow lakes and grassy clearings such as airstrips. It is seldom found in areas above 500 m (1,600 ft) elevation.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The sand-colored nighthawk is crepuscular and nocturnal. During the day it roosts on river islands and sandbars, often in large numbers. In times of high water it will roost in trees overhanging the water.<p>The sand-colored nighthawk forages very actively at dusk and then on and off during the night. Its diet has not been studied in detail but is known to be entirely insects. Its flight has been described as less erratic than that of other nightjars, with an "oddly mechanical"" flapping that resembles that of terns.<p>The sand-colored nighhawk's breeding season spans from May through August in southeastern Peru and from June to September in central Brazil but has not been defined in the rest of its range. They nest in loose colonies, often near those of yellow-billed tern, large-billed tern, and black skimmer. They lay their clutch of two eggs in a scrape on a sandbar.<p>The sand-colored nighthawk apparently seldom sings, but it does so from the ground, "a gurgling purr...interspersed with quiet throat-clearing sound and loud grawh notes." It also makes a variety of other vocalizations when chasing another bird or defending a nest.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Red-knobbed Coot
Fulica cristata
Mostly sooty gray waterbird with a white beak and frontal shield. Breeding adults have two small reddish horns, but at other times difficult to separate from Eurasian Coot. Feathering on the side of the upper mandible is rounded rather than pointed. The bill is blueish rather than pinkish and in flight it lacks the white edge on the secondaries seen on Eurasian Coot. Found in open freshwater including lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and lagoons.
Two-banded Warbler
Myiothlypis bivittata
Small, yellowish bird with a fine black bill and distinctive black stripes on head. Mostly green above and yellow below; has rufous or orange crown bordered by black, but crown color can be difficult to ascertain. Note olive eyebrow becoming yellow in front of eye, and bright pinkish-yellow legs. Inhabits dense understory of foothill forests along the eastern slope of the southern Andes and in the tepui region. Usually occurs in pairs or small family groups that forage actively for insects, often joining mixed-species flocks. Song in tepuis is a series of chips followed by a high-pitched, screeching note. In southern part of range, song is very different: a rich rollicking series of notes that may vaguely recall House Wren and is often given by pairs as a duet. In southern Andes, most similar to Golden-bellied Warbler but has olive (not entirely yellow) eyebrow; also similar to Golden-crowned Warbler but typically occurs at higher elevations and has olive (not whitish) eyebrow.
Lesser Antillean Euphonia
Chlorophonia flavifrons
Endemic to the Lesser Antilles. A brilliantly colored, tiny, and active species of dense woodlands where it feeds at middle to upper levels, primarily on mistletoe berries. Sometimes joins mixed flocks. Easy to miss despite bright colors and flitting movements. Note small size, short tail, and small (though rather thick) bill. Male has a blue helmet, olive-yellow underparts (brighter yellow on throat), a dark mask, and an olive-green back. Female is more uniformly olive-green; note distinctive blue helmet and small yellowish forehead patch. Calls include a lively “beep” given singly or in series, a rapid “whip-ip,” a rough “djip,” and a plaintive “wheee.” Song is a rapid jumble of tinkling, squeaky, and whistled notes.
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