Black-backed Antshrike
Thamnophilus melanonotus
A short-crested antshrike with a heavy bill and bold wing markings, found along coastal slope of northern Colombia and Venezuela. Male is mostly black with white flanks and wing and tail markings. Female is dull buff colored with a dusky spotted crown, dark wings with buffy markings, rufous tail, and a prominent buffy eyering. Locally common but hard to see in dense vine tangles in dry forest and shrubby areas. Territorial, mostly in pairs in the understory to mid-levels of the forest. Best found by voice, a nasal and harsh “kuarrrr!” repeated every two seconds. Similar to Black-crested Antshrike, but that species has a much more prominent crest, and the female has black wings and rufous crown.
识别特征
The black-backed antshrike is 15 to 16 cm (5.9 to 6.3 in) long. Members of genus Thamnophilus are largish members of the antbird family; all have stout bills with a hook like those of true shrikes. Adult males have a black to blackish brown head and back with white edges on the scapulars and a hidden white patch between them. Their lower back and rump are light gray. Their wings are black with wide white tips on the coverts and white edges on the flight feathers. Their tail is black with white tips on the feathers and white edges on the outermost pair. Their throat and breast are black and their flanks, belly, and crissum are white. Adult females have a dark brown crown with cinnamon edges to the feathers. Their face is buff. Their upperparts are brown with dark centers to the feathers. Their wings and wing coverts are brownish black with pale buff edges and tips. Their tail is rufous-brown with whitish tips and edges to the feathers. Their underparts are buff that is somewhat whiter on the belly. Subadult males resemble adult females with some black feathers beginning to show.
分类信息
The black-backed antshrike was described by the English zoologist Philip Sclater in 1855 and given the binomial name Thamnophilus melanonotus. It was subsequently placed in the genus Sakesphorus. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2007 found that Sakesphorus was polyphyletic and that three species including the black-backed antshrike were embedded within a clade containing members of Thamnophilus. The black-backed antshrike was therefore moved back to its original genus. <p>The black-backed antshrike is monotypic.
- 学名
- Thamnophilus melanonotus
- 命名信息
- Sclater, PL, 1855
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Thamnophilidae
- 属
- Thamnophilus
分布与栖息地
The black-backed antshrike has a disjunct distribution. It is found on the Caribbean slope from northern Colombia as far south as northern Bolívar Department and east into northwestern Venezuela as far as Miranda state. A second population is found in the Zulia River valley in Colombia's Norte de Santander Department and the adjacent Cordillera de Mérida in western Venezuela. The species inhabits the understorey to mid-storey of dry deciduous forest, where it favors areas with dense vine thickets. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Colombia and to 1,300 m (4,300 ft) in Venezuela, though in the latter country it is mostly found below 500 m (1,600 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The black-backed antshrike is thought to be a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The black-backed antshrike's diet is primarily insects and probably also includes other small arthropods. It forages rather lethargically, mostly singly or in pairs and seldom as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. It forages mostly on and near the ground up to about 6 m (20 ft) above it, and especially in vine tangles. It feeds by gleaning, with short upward jumps, and by pouncing to the ground. It occasionally follows army ant swarms.<p>The black-backed antshrike breeds between March and July in northern Colombia; its season in Venezuela is not known. Its one known nest was an open cup suspended in a branch fork; it contained two eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.<p>The black-backed antshrike apparently has two songs, "a single soft cuua [and] a short, nasal roll, qurrrrrr". Its other vocalizations include "a short nasal caaa-aa, a nasal grunting, rolled gur'r'a, and soft nasal ca-hunk?".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Cameroon Pigeon
Columba sjostedti
A large dark purple-gray pigeon with distinctive white spots on the breast and back, a blue-gray head, and a bright red-and-yellow bill. Often seen flying over the canopy in transit or during display flights, and sometimes perches conspicuously in the open. Found exclusively in montane forests. Vocalizations are poorly known, but appear to consist of a growl followed by multiple low coos. Overlaps locally with White-naped Pigeon, which has a white head patch and dark spots on a lighter chest, unlike the Cameroon Pigeon’s uniformly gray head and white-spotted dark body.
Bar-winged Weaver
Ploceus angolensis
A localized woodland weaver that has dark brown upperparts, yellow back and rump, obvious white wing bars, and pale underparts suffused with lemon on the belly and flanks. Juvenile is like adult but with a pale crown and bill. Restricted to mature evergreen (Cryptosepalum) dry forests and Miombo woodland where ‘Old Man’s Beard’ Usnea lichen is abundant; singles and pairs sometimes join mixed-species flocks and forage secretively for insects by creeping along branches like a nuthatch or creeper; does not nest colonially. Not very vocal, but occasionally calls a series of high-pitched squeaks, buzzes, and churrs.
Pale-billed Sicklebill
Drepanornis bruijnii
A large, long-billed bird of lowland forest. Brown upperparts with black head and grayish facial skin behind the eye. Note the curved, pale bill. Male has a black throat, sides and two small, hornlike tufts on the head. Female has pale underparts with dark barring. Similar to female Twelve-wired Bird-of-Paradise and Magnificent Riflebird, but female Pale-billed Sicklebill has a longer, thinner, more curved bill. One of several vocalizations, a descending series of low whistles, reminiscent of Common Potoo.
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