Limestone Leaf Warbler
Phylloscopus calciatilis
Small, bright yellowish leaf warbler with a black-striped head. Entirely yellow underparts and tail distinguish this species from Yellow-vented Warbler and White-tailed Leaf Warbler. Sulphur-breasted Warbler is extremely similar, but Limestone averages incrementally longer-billed and paler yellow on the underparts. Specialist of lowland and mid-altitude karst hill forest. Like other leaf warblers, forages actively in foliage, often in flocks. Song is a subtly descending series of high tinkling notes; Sulphur-breasted’s song is snappier-sounding, with a distinctly ascending quality. Call is a two-note exclamation with a quiet first half: “bi-DEW!”
识别特征
The limestone leaf warbler (Phylloscopus calciatilis) is smaller than the sulphur-breasted warbler (Phylloscopus ricketti) and has more rounded wings and a proportionately elongated bill. Although a smaller species, the bill is proportionately larger than that of the sulphur-breasted warbler. The plumage is nearly identical, with only a slightly lighter yellow below a grey tinge. Comparisons between these two species suggest it is doubtful that they can be reliably distinguished by plumage alone. The holotype has a wing length of 5.2 cm; in the paratype a tail length of 3.7 cm and a bill length of 1.39 cm.<p>The limestone leaf warbler is greenish-olive in colour with a yellow breast and striped crown. Although it looks similar to other warblers, it can be distinguished by being smaller, having shorter wings, and a larger bill. It is also distinguished by its black lateral crown-stripes, which are paler and more diffuse near the bill. The median crown stripe is greenish-yellow with the supercilium being yellow with a faint greenish tinge. The eye-stripe on lores and upper ear-coverts are a well defined black colour with a green tinge. The mantle, scapulars, back, rump, lesser and uppertail-coverts are a bright grey-green colour, with the throat, breast and belly a bright yellow. The sides of the breast have a green tinge. The remiges, rectrices, alula, medium, greater and primary coverts are a dark grey colour with a brown tinge, with bright greyish-green outer edges. The juvenile resembles the adults, but has looser, fluffier plumage and, possibly as a result of this, slightly less yellow underparts. It has marginally whiter and more clear-cut pale tips to the greater coverts, and probably slightly more green on the anterior part of the lateral crown-stripes.<p>“In plumage, the limestone leaf warbler appears to be largely indistinguishable from P. ricketti, although as a result of the small number of specimens available for the limestone leaf warbler and their poor quality, detailed comparisons are difficult to make. The only two specimens of the limestone leaf warbler, which have been directly compared with a series of P. ricketti are marginally colder yellow below a more greyish tinge above, and show marginally greyer lateral crown-stripes than P. ricketti. The limestone leaf warbler is easily separable from P. cantator by its yellow belly”.
分类信息
Based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, the new species is most closely related to the sulphur-breasted warbler and is thought to be the sister of the yellow-vented warbler (Phylloscopus cantator). The mitochondrial divergences between these three species don't vary as greatly as those found in other species of Phylloscopus and Seicercus warblers.<p>Alstrom et al. (2010) reported the discovery of limestone leaf warbler in 1994 and belongs to the same lineage as the sulphur-breasted warbler and the yellow-vented warbler. It is allopatric or parapatric to these two species and may hybridize with the sulphur-breasted warbler. Its call and song are diagnostic and its identity is easily confirmed by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. Molecular evidence suggests that it is the sister species of the yellow-vented warbler. The warbler genus Phylloscopus includes species throughout Eurasia and less so in Africa. Studies of vocalisations and DNA over the last 20 years have increased the number of recognised warbler species by 40% to 64.
- 学名
- Phylloscopus calciatilis
- 命名信息
- Alström, Davidson, PJ, Duckworth, Eames, JC, Trai Trong Le, Nguyen Cu, Olsson, Robson & Timmins, 2009
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Phylloscopidae
- 属
- Phylloscopus
分布与栖息地
The species name, calciatilis, means “dwelling on limestone”, which along with its common name is a reference to its natural habitat, which is broadleaved evergreen and semi-evergreen forest growing around limestone karst mountains.<p>At Phong Nha-Ke Bang it was only found in the forest on the mountains or, uncommonly, in valleys between karsts, frequently on steep slopes, between 80m and at least 200m; it was never encountered in the forest in the plains away from the hills. At Hin Namno National Protected Area it was found in old-growth and mature secondary semi-evergreen forest on limestone karst, between 280 and 460m. Most records came from taller forest that was generally restricted to valley floors in limestone karst. In the Nadi and Sayphou Loyang areas, Laos, it was found in dry evergreen and semi-evergreen forest and secondary growth on limestone over 600–1000 m. In the Thai An Commune, Ha Giang, it was observed in tall secondary scrub on a well-vegetated slope with a karst landscape at approximately 1200 m.<p>Named limestone leaf warbler because it breeds in Laos's limestone karst environments – a region known for unusual wildlife – it is similar to other warblers in this area of S.E. Asia except for its distinct vocalisations and slight morphological differences. “The discovery of this new species is very exciting and underscores the importance of this region of Indochina for conservation”, said Colin Poole, Executive Director of the Asia Program for the Wildlife Conservation Society. “With increased attention from biologists, the Annamite mountain range of Laos in particular is revealing itself as a lost world for new and unusual wildlife.”
- 迁徙
- Resident species
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Red-chested Sunbird
Cinnyris erythrocercus
A slim, curve-billed sunbird in which males and females are very different. Males are mostly black and dark green, with a red band across the underparts and elongated central tail feathers. Females are plain gray-brown above and pale with heavy dark markings below. Found in a wide variety of moist habitats, including wetlands, savanna, scrub, woodland, and gardens. Similar to Beautiful Sunbird, but breeding males are separated by the lack of extensive yellow in their belly band and females by being more streaked below. Female similar to female Marico Sunbird, but note dark throat patch and less distinct pale eyebrow. Song is a typical sunbird high-pitched jumble; also gives chipping calls.
Marabou Stork
Leptoptilos crumenifer
This huge, macabre-looking stork has a massive dagger-like bill and naked pink head and neck that appear severely sunburned. A white ruff and loose inflatable skin on the neck add to its odd appearance. It soars effortlessly at great heights searching for food; note its white belly in flight. Marabous are equally content in wetlands or in dry bush; they are most frequently encountered lurking near carrion, as they attend kills of major predators and will opportunistically snatch scraps. They also readily scavenge around humans and waste dumps.
Spotted Tanager
Ixothraupis punctata
Small, strongly-marked tanager. It inhabits Andean cloud forest in the western part of its range, and lowland and foothill forest elsewhere. Plumage is greenish overall, paler on head and underparts, and profusely marked with black spots and chevrons. Spots on female and immature are duller. Separated from other similar tanagers by lack of yellow on underparts, and by pale grayish face and throat. Generally stays high in the trees, where it is a common member of mixed-species flocks.
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