Western Woodhaunter
Automolus virgatus
This fairly small brown bird is a shy forest-dwelling species; it is usually seen in the lower or middle levels of the forest interior. Most similar to foliage-gleaners, which can be very similar in plumage. Look for the woodhaunter’s blurry buffy streaking on the head and breast, rather long straight bill, and lack of a pale eyebrow. Does not climb up tree trunks like a woodcreeper, but forages by hopping around tangles, mosses, and vines, rummaging around looking for invertebrates. Most often seen singly or in pairs, sometimes accompanying mixed-species flocks. Listen for series of hard nasal chips, and grating scold calls. Occurs from eastern Nicaragua to western Ecuador.
识别特征
The western woodhaunter is 17 to 18 cm (6.7 to 7.1 in) long and weighs about 35 g (1.2 oz). It is a fairly large member of its genus and has a shortish and heavy bill. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies A. v. virgatus have a mostly dark brownish face with golden-buff streaks, a pale eyering and stripe behind the eye, and grizzled brownish and buff lores. Their crown is blackish brown with golden-buff streaks that widen as they extend onto the blackish brown back. Their rump is dull rusty olivaceous brown, their uppertail coverts deep reddish cinnamon, and their tail a lighter cinnamon than the uppertail coverts. Their wings are dull cinnamon brown with brownish black on the flight feathers. Their chin and throat are pale fawn with faint brownish feather edges. Their breast is a deeper fawn with dusky feather edges. Their belly, flanks, and undertail coverts are olivaceous brown. Their iris is brown, their bill brownish black with some yellow on the mandible, and their legs and feet brown. Subspecies A. v. nicaraguae has blackish brown upperparts and slightly lighter underparts than the nominate. A. v. assimilis has a more reddish brown back than the nominate, a darker chestnut-rufous rump, uppertail coverts, and tail, and a strong olivaceous wash on the breast. A. v. cordobae has an unstreaked back and nearly unmarked underparts.
分类信息
At one time what is now the western woodhaunter was included in genus Hyloctistes but molecular phylogenetic studies showed that Hyloctistes is embedded within Automolus.<p>Even before the generic merger, the western woodhaunter's taxonomy was unsettled, and it remains so. Its four subspecies were included with two others in what was then called the striped woodhaunter (then H. subulatus, later A. subulatus). In the early twenty-first century several authors split the four Central American and western South American subspecies from the striped woodhaunter and named the new species the western woodhaunter (then H. virgatus, now A. virgatus). They gave the remaining two subspecies the English name eastern woodhaunter and by the principle of priority retained the binomial A. subulatus for it. By late 2023 the International Ornithological Committee, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW), and the Clements taxonomy adopted the split, though HBW calls A. subulatus the Amazonian woodhaunter. The North and South American Classification Committees of the American Ornithological Society (AOS) have not adopted the split but both subcommittees note that some authors suggest it.<p>The four subspecies of the western woodhaunter are:
- 学名
- Automolus virgatus
- 命名信息
- (Lawrence, 1867)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Automolus
分布与栖息地
The subspecies of the western woodhaunter are found thus:<p>The western woodhaunter inhabits humid forest and woodlands in foothills and the lower montane zone. In elevation it mostly occurs below 1,100 m (3,600 ft), but locally reaches about 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in Costa Rica, Panama, and Ecuador.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The western woodhaunter is a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The western woodhaunter's diet is not known in detail but includes arthropods and small vertebrates. It usually forages singly and usually as part of a mixed-species feeding flock, from the forest understory to its middle levels. It searches for prey along large branches and vines, gleaning and probing among dead leaves, epiphytes, palm fronds and other vegetation. It has been noted "burrowing" into clumps and flinging aside debris to reach prey.<p>The western woodhaunter's breeding season has not been fully defined but includes at least December to February and may begin much earlier. It excavates a tunnel in an earthen bank and builds a shallow cup nest of leaf rachides in a chamber at its end. The clutch size, incubation period, and time to fledging are not known. Both parents incubate the clutch and provision nestlings.<p>The western woodhaunter's song is described as "a series of sharp nasal notes, 'keeu-keeu-keeu-keeu...', evenly pitched and paced" and its call as "a sharp 'squirp!' ". The song has also been rendered as "kyip-kyip-kyip-kyip-kyip" and the call as "krrrk".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Greater Roadrunner
Geococcyx californianus
A huge, ground-dwelling cuckoo, bane of coyotes. Streaky brown overall with a very long tail and short, shaggy crest. Surprisingly iridescent in good light, with purple and green tones on wings and tail. Usually seen on the ground in dry desert habitats with patches of thick vegetation; sometimes perches on fences or rocks, especially when singing. Runs swiftly after large insects, lizards, and other prey. Unmistakable in most of range; overlaps locally with Lesser Roadrunner in west Mexico. Greater has more streaking on the throat and center of breast, instead of clear buffy on Lesser. Listen for very low-pitched cooing song.
Spotted Wren
Campylorhynchus gularis
Fairly large, chunky, and often conspicuous wren of drier foothills and mountains; endemic. Mainly in areas with pine-oak and oak woodland and scrub; often around villages and ranches, clambering on stone walls and even entering houses. Usually in small social groups, which can be confiding. No similar-looking species occur in its range. Note the black whisker, band of black spots across the breast, and complex patterning on the back, wings, and tail.
Andean Flamingo
Phoenicoparrus andinus
Rather local and declining; found at salt lakes and bogs in the high Andes. Associates readily with Chilean and James’s Flamingos, although each species often stays slightly apart within mixed groups. All plumages show clean-cut black triangle on closed wings, unlike other flamingos. Adult has long bill “hook” and diagnostic yellow legs. Like other flamingos, immature often noticeably smaller than adult, but has long bill “hook”, unlike the stubby bill of smaller and shorter-legged James’s Flamingo.
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