Halmahera Paradise-crow
Lycocorax pyrrhopterus
A large, blackish, crow-like bird-of-paradise, endemic to Halmahera and adjacent smaller islands (not Obi and Bisa). Body is entirely blackish with paler, browner wings. Also often shows a thin line behind the eye. Shape is distinctive, with thin neck and small head with distinctive brow ridges. Juveniles are browner overall. Singles and pairs occupy canopy in forest, forest edge, and plantations in lowlands and hills. Brown cast to wings and head shape differentiate it from crows. In flight shows broad wings and an awkward, clumsy, hurried flight, unlike the slow flapping of crows. Calls include a hoarse “wek” and a high-pitched, nasal “we-huk.”
识别特征
The Halmahera paradise-crow is a medium-sized bird-of-paradise, reaching a body length of up to 42 cm, with a dark, soft and silky plumage that may appear all black, but is in fact a very dark brown. Both sexes are similar; the female is slightly smaller than the male. The nominate subspecies has the least or no white patch on the inner flight feathers.<p>The head is slightly glossy black-brown and the upper parts are lighter than the head. The upper plumage shines slightly, with a blue-gray shimmer that is most pronounced on the coat, with cinnamon-brown wings. It has a black bill, crimson eyes, and a call reminiscent of a dog's bark.<p>It was originally thought to be a crow (Corvidae), and was then reassigned to the birds of paradise, where it is the earliest known offshoot from the paradisaeid family tree, dating back approximately 17 million years in the Miocene period. Lycocorax is derived from the Greek lycos, a wolf, and korax, a raven. Pyrrhopterus means red-winged, from the Greek pyrrhos, a flame or the colour red, and pteros, wing.
分类信息
- 学名
- Lycocorax pyrrhopterus
- 命名信息
- (Bonaparte, 1850)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Paradisaeidae
- 属
- Lycocorax
分布与栖息地
The Halmahera paradise-crow is occurs on the Northern Maluku islands of Halmahera, Bacan (Batjan), Kasiruta, Morotai and Rau. There are two subspecies, which occur in the following regions of Maluku.<p>Lycocorax pyrrhopterus pyrrhopterus — Halmahera, Kasiruta, and Bacan<p>Lycocorax pyrrhopterus morotensis — Morotai, and Rau<p>Previously, the Obi paradise-crow (Lycocorax obiensis) was treated as a subspecies of the Halmahera paradise-crow. However, due to its distinctiveness and potential for separation, it was split from L. pyrrhopterus in 2016, with the International Ornithological Congress also following through in 2021.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The nominate form is a forest dweller, also found in gardens and forest edges. It prefers the taller trees of the forest interior and is not typically seen in the more open agricultural areas. Seldom found in swamp forest or mangroves, it sometimes occurs in Coconut plantations and orchards, and frequents the mid-level to lhe canopy of the vegetation. The diet of the paradise-crow is composed mainly by fruit, with some supplement from arthropods, both of which are foraged mainly from dense canopy and middle foliage.<p>The breeding season is approximately December to June, with eggs laid over the same period. As the sexes are similar, it is likely that the species is monogamous, but breeding behaviour is almost unknown. Halmahera nests are described as a large basin-shaped structure made of roots and moss and lined with soft chips of wood, and the clutch appears to consist of just a single egg.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
American Wigeon
Mareca americana
Breeding males have obvious white blaze on forehead and broad green slash behind eye. Females are plainer brown with rusty sides. Females are very difficult to distinguish from female Eurasian Wigeon; note colder grayish-brown head on American that contrasts with warmer orangey sides. Also look for brighter white, not gray, underwings in flight, but this can be difficult to judge, especially at a distance. Widespread and common in North America, occasionally wintering as far south as northern South America. Typically in flocks on lakes and wetlands, often grazing in nearby fields. Regular vagrant to Europe.
Iceland Gull
Larus glaucoides
Pale, medium-sized gull, smaller and daintier than Glaucous or Herring Gulls. Often looks cute with rounded head and small bill. Extremely variable plumage. Variation is apparently clinal across the Arctic breeding range, from darkest in the west to palest in the east. The palest adults have very pale gray backs and nearly pure white wingtips. The darkest birds, formerly known as Thayer’s Gull, are darker gray above and have blackish wingtips. Young birds range from almost pure white to medium brown, never as dark as Herring Gull. First-year birds usually have a mostly dark bill. Winters along both coasts of North America and in Europe, often near the ocean or on large lakes. Typically found in small numbers among flocks of other large gulls.
Citrine Canary-Flycatcher
Culicicapa helianthea
A small flycatcher-like bird with a bold dark eye on a plain face, a pale eye-ring, olive-green upperparts, and solid yellow underparts. Singles or pairs sit upright within understory of forest, woodland, and plantations in lowlands and mountains, often attending mixed-species flocks. Separated from Gray-headed Canary-Flycatcher by yellow chin and lack of gray head and breast. Told from Yellow-bellied Whistler by eye-ring, absence of white throat, and slimmer bill. Gives a simple high-pitched whistled song that rises and falls: “swit-soo-swit-soo.” Also gives a short, squelching “ti-rip” trill.
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