Dusky Spinetail
Synallaxis moesta
An exceptionally shy spinetail found in cloud forest along the east slope of the Andes, ranging into lowland forest in some areas. Plumage is dark gray with a black throat and chestnut crown, wings, and tail. In central Colombia, birds are somewhat paler. Inhabits dense tangles in forest understory, where it is very hard to see. Usually first detected by its song, a low, guttural trill.
识别特征
The dusky spinetail is 15.5 to 17 cm (6.1 to 6.7 in) long and weighs 20 to 25 g (0.71 to 0.88 oz). It is one of the darkest of the Synallaxis spinetails. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a dark sooty-gray face. Their forcrown is blackish gray, their hindcrown dark chestnut, their back dark sooty brownish, and their rump and uppertail coverts a slightly lighter sooty brownish. Their wings are dark chestnut with fuscous tips on the flight feathers. Their tail is dark chestnut; it is graduated and the feathers have pointed tips. Their chin is blackish gray with paler feather shafts, giving a frosted appearance. Their underparts are mostly dark sooty brownish with slightly browner flanks. Their iris is rufous to brown, their maxilla black to slate, their mandible blue-gray to light gray (sometimes with a dark tip), and their legs and feet greenish gray to grayish olive. Juveniles have a gray crown, dusky brownish tips on the wing coverts, a gray and white faintly barred throat, and more grayish underparts than adults. Subspecies S. m. brunneicaudalis is darker overall than the nominate, with especially darker and uniform gray underparts. S. m. obscura is even darker than brunneicaudalis, but with a browner back, tail, and underparts.
分类信息
The dusky spinetail has three subspecies, the nominate S. m. moesta (Sclater, PL, 1856), S. m. brunneicaudalis (Sclater, PL, 1858), and S. m. obscura (Chapman, 1914).<p>In the early twentieth century, subspecies S. m. brunneicaudalis was treated as a separate species but since then has had its present placement. Genetic data published in 2011 supported that the dusky spinetail, Cabanis's spinetail (S. cabanisi), and McConnell's spinetail (S. macconnelli) form a monophyletic group. However, data published in 2013 has evidence that the dusky spinetail might be more closely related to the rufous-capped spinetail (S. ruficapilla).
- 学名
- Synallaxis moesta
- 命名信息
- Sclater, PL, 1856
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Synallaxis
分布与栖息地
The dusky spinetail is a bird of the Andean foothills. The nominate subspecies is the northernmost. It is found in central Colombia's Eastern Andes in southern Casanare Department and northwestern Meta Department. Subspecies S. m. obscura is found in the Eastern Andes of southern Colombia in the departments of Caquetá and Putumayo. S. m. brunneicaudalis is found from southeastern Nariño Department in far southwestern Colombia south through central Ecuador into northeastern Peru as far as northern San Martín Department.<p>The dusky spinetail inhabits the edges of several forest types, including riparian and tropical evergreen forests; it also occurs in secondary forest. It favors areas of dense undergrowth and is sometimes associated with bamboo thickets. In elevation it mostly ranges between 250 and 1,350 m (800 and 4,400 ft) but in Colombia can be found as high as 1,600 m (5,200 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The dusky spinetail is a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The dusky spinetail's diet and foraging behavior are not well known. It is thought to feed on arthropods that it gleans from foliage and small branches, staying about 1 to 2 m (3 to 7 ft) above the ground. It is usually seen in pairs.<p>The dusky spinetail's nesting season has not been defined but includes February. One nest was a ball of sticks with an entrance tube on the side placed in a thick vine tangle. Little else is known about the species' breeding biology. <p>The dusky spinetail makes "a low-pitched nasal chattering or churring, 'rha-a-a-a-a-a-a-a' "; it is not known if this is a song or a call.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
White-headed Petrel
Pterodroma lessonii
A large gadfly petrel with a pale white head and a distinctive dark eye-patch. Back is pale gray with darker outer wings, creating an “M” shape on the back. Look for stout black bill and pinkish-colored feet. Breed on Antipodes and Auckland Islands in the New Zealand region and also on subantarctic Indian Ocean and Macquarie Islands. Forages between the subantarctic and Antarctic convergence zones. Three similar species: Soft-plumaged Petrel is smaller with gray-brown head and band on upper breast; Gray Petrel is larger with a smaller, darker head, a pale green bill, and a long neck; and pale morph Kermadec Petrel is smaller, lacks an eye patch, has darker upperparts, and shows white patches under the wing.
Singing Cisticola
Cisticola cantans
Relatively large and colorful cisticola. Has a rufous panel in the wing, a rufous cap, and a dark band near the tip of the tail. Found in a variety of lush, open habitats, including scrub, overgrown cultivation, and moist savannah. Usually in pairs, and sometimes in small groups. The distinctive vocalizations are a musical “tu-lip” from the male, often accompanied by rasping calls from the female. Similar to Red-faced Cisticola, but separated by the rufous wing panel. Also similar to plain-backed subspecies of Rattling Cisticola, but separated by very different voice.
White-eyed Thrush
Turdus jamaicensis
A medium-sized dusky bird that prefers moist montane forests, but can be also found in most wooded areas with dense vegetation. Feeds in trees and on the ground. Its namesake white eye is distinctive, but its bright broken white throat collar, contrasting so markedly with its dark plumage, is also unique. Shier than the somewhat similar White-chinned Thrush, which has a dark eye, orange bill and legs, and lacks a white collar. The White-eyed Thrush’s song is a long series of highly variable, repeated phrases (phrases most often repeated thrice, but commonly from two to five times). Calls include a plaintive whistled “weee-woooo,” with the first note slightly higher and a quick, almost ducklike “yak.”
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