Amethyst-throated Mountain-gem
Lampornis amethystinus
Rather large hummingbird of humid evergreen and pine-oak forest in mountains. Fairly common, but typically inconspicuous in shady understory and at edges, where feeds at all levels on flowers. Despite the exciting name, often looks rather drab and grayish overall with a dark mask, whitish eyestripe, and dusky throat (amethyst gorget rarely catches the light). Note the blackish tail with small, pale gray corners.
识别特征
The amethyst-throated mountaingem is 11.5 to 12.5 cm (4.5 to 4.9 in) long. Males weigh 5 to 7.8 g (0.18 to 0.28 oz) and females 5 to 5.8 g (0.18 to 0.20 oz). Both sexes of all subspecies have a medium-length straight black bill, dark auriculars, a whitish stripe behind the eye, and a broad slightly forked tail.<p>Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a dark green crown and back, a bronze rump, and blackish uppertail coverts. The tail is black with gray tips on the outer feathers. It has a brilliant rosy pink gorget. The breast and belly are dusky gray and the undertail coverts pale buff. The female is almost the same but has a cinnamon throat. Juveniles are similar to females but males may have a few pink feathers on the throat.<p>Subspecies L. a. circumventris and L. a. salvini are almost indistinguishable from the nominate. Males of L. a. nobilis have more bronzy green upperparts than the nominate, a purple rump, and purplish-black uppertail coverts. The gorget is reddish purple and the underparts dark smoke-gray. Females are also more bronzy above and darker below than the nominate, and have a duller and darker cinnamon throat.<p>Subspecies L. a. margaritae differs the most from the nominate. Both sexes are much darker overall and the male's gorget is violet to royal blue instead of the red to reddish purple of the other four subspecies. It possibly may be a separate species.<p>When compared to similar sister species, it appears the color differences between this and others was a relatively recent evolutionary occurrence.
分类信息
The amethyst-throated mountaingem has five subspecies:
- 学名
- Lampornis amethystinus
- 命名信息
- Swainson, 1827
- 目
- Apodiformes
- 科
- Trochilidae
- 属
- Lampornis
分布与栖息地
The subspecies of amethyst-throated mountaingem are found thus:<p>There are two records north of Mexico, a male in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec, in July 2016 and a male in the Davis Mountains of Texas in October 2016.<p>The amethyst-throated mountaingem inhabits the interior and edges of montane evergreen and pine-oak forest. In Mexico in ranges in elevation from 900 to 3,000 m (3,000 to 9,800 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The movements of the amethyst-throated mountaingem, if any, have not been described.<p>The amethyst-throated mountaingem feeds mostly on nectar, from a wide variety of flowering plants. It tends to feed in the lower and mid-story of the forest by trap-lining, visiting a circuit of nectar sources rather than defending patches of them. It also feeds on insects. They are subordinate to larger hummingbirds but dominant over smaller ones.<p>The amethyst-throated mountaingem is usually not territorial, but will sometimes defend a territory. Males display to females during mornings and evenings and perform an aerial display if a female is present. It flies parallel to the ground in circles, dives towards the female, returns to its perch, and repeats it up to five times. The female builds the nest, a deep cup of plant fibers bound with spider silk and decorated with moss and lichen. It is typically placed about 1.4 to 2.4 m (5 to 8 ft) above the ground on a drooping branch. The incubation length and time to fledging are not known.<p>The amethyst-throated mountaingem's song is "a quiet chatter made up of a two-syllable introductory phrase followed by a mixture of notes arranged into very complex vocalizations." It may have up to nine complex phrases, and both males and females sing. Both sexes also make a feeding call, "a persistent buzzing sound". Males make a territorial call, "a series of short, rapid clicking sounds" and a display call, "a series of 7 - 10 shrill whistle notes".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Eastern Miombo Sunbird
Cinnyris manoensis
A medium-sized typical ‘double-collared’ sunbird. Larger and longer-billed than similar-plumaged Western Miombo Sunbird (and ranges hardly overlap); Eastern Miombo male has broader red breast band, darker gray belly, and less prominent yellow wingpit tufts. Female and immature have a gray-brown head, pale gray throat, and pale lemon breast and belly. Singles and pairs are residents and nomads in Miombo woodland, gallery forest, arid savanna, and other woodland. Sings a slower, louder, less rambling song than Western Miombo Sunbird that does not end in a long descending trill.
Golden Whistler
Pachycephala pectoralis
Compact songbird with short bill. Males in much of range are olive above, yellow below, with white throat set in black head; males and females on Norfolk Island are olive-brown with yellowish underparts (brightest on undertail). Females vary across range, with eastern birds having some amount of yellow on the underparts and western birds (formerly treated as full species, “Western Whistler”) being gray-brown above and pale below, lacking yellow. Olive Whistler much browner below, with well-defined whitish bib. Inhabits a great variety of habitats. Bright, whistled song varies, but often has a whip-like ending.
Churring Cisticola
Cisticola njombe
Relatively colorful cisticola with a rufous cap and back of the neck, and a gray back with dark streaking. There are two bands across the tip of the tail, one pale and one black. Found in open montane habitats including grassland, bracken, and marsh edge. The song consists of several consecutive “tsee-wit” couplets. As with other cisticolas, habitat and vocalizations are important to identification. Similar to Wailing Cisticola, but has a brighter rufous cap without streaking, and paler underparts.
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