Fluttering Shearwater
Puffinus gavia
A small dark-brown shearwater with a white belly and a dusky patch under its wings along with dark markings on the inner wing visible during flight. A brown cap expands over the eye and runs down the back of the neck, blurring into the white chin and breast. Name is derived from distinctive low and fast “fluttering” flight with rapid bursts of wingbeats. Often seen feeding in flocks off the northern and eastern North Island and in the Cook Strait region. Easily confused with Hutton’s Shearwater where habitats overlap on the Cook Strait. Hutton’s is slightly larger with little white showing on the chin and more extensive gray armpit smudging. Little Shearwater also occurs in northern waters but is smaller, with white extending through or above the eye.
识别特征
This is a medium to small-sized shearwater with a dark-brown-and-white body. The upper parts, including neck, wings and tail, are uniformly dark brown. The face and neck have a grey-brown colour gradually fading into white below the eye. The under body, from chin to the under-tail, is white except for a dark thigh patch that can be seen in flight. The bottom wing is commonly white while the axillary area is covered in grey-brown fur. Under light conditions, the appearance is different. The fluttering shearwater has pinkish-brown legs and feet with dark webs, and the feet extend beyond the tail in flight. The bill is long and thin with dark colour. The tail is fan-shaped and short in flight and it has mixed colours – dark brown and white.<p>Moulting starts from late January and the dark upper surfaces fade to mid-brown quickly. The colour of birds close to moulting (February to April) is pale rusty brown and they appear ragged at this stage. Their voice is unusual and disjointed: ka-hek-ka-hek-ka-hek and usually made in flight. Their flight pattern is somewhat determined, low and fast. Rapid spurts of wing-beating interspersed by gliding.<p>The average body mass of females is 302 g while males is 243 g. Their eggs are pure white and oval. The young birds have the same colour as adult from the nest, but with lighter color in the margin of wing-coverts. Nestlings have very thick slate-coloured soft feathers on the upper and white down on the under.
分类信息
- 学名
- Puffinus gavia
- 命名信息
- (Forster, JR, 1844)
- 目
- Procellariiformes
- 科
- Procellariidae
- 属
- Puffinus
分布与栖息地
Fluttering shearwaters are an endemic species to New Zealand, where they breed throughout the warmer months of the year, from September to February. However, during the non-breeding months of the year, between March and August, vast numbers are seen throughout eastern and south–eastern Australia, though most seem to linger close to the breeding colonies. It is suspected that it is the juveniles that migrate, whereas the adults stay confined to the rich waters of New Zealand; however, this is not fully understood.<p>Fluttering shearwaters breed on coastal islands throughout New Zealand, with large populations on islands throughout the north-east North Island, such as the Aldermen Islands, Moturoa Island, Bream Islands, north-west Chicken islands, Mercury Islands, Motuharakeke Island (Cavalli Islands), as well as islands throughout the Marlborough Sound/Cook Strait region of the South Island, with a majority of these offshore islands within 40 km of the mainland.<p>The habitats of fluttering shearwater are marine and terrestrial, including coastal and marine areas, scrubland and forest. They are most commonly found in subtropical waters and warm water (24 °C) of intermediate to high salinity (35%). The birds are common on inshore areas that are easy to enter such as harbours, inlets, bays and straits. They usually select stony, scrub-covered slopes near the peak, as well as cracks and holes in the rock far from the water to breed, which is a benefit for taking off.
- 繁殖区
- PO : islets of ne North I. and Marlborough Sounds (ne South I.; New Zealand)
- 非繁殖区
- to s, e Australian waters
- 迁徙
- Complete migrants
行为
Fluttering shearwaters have a habit of fluttering their wings quickly and beat the feet when they fly away from the sea. A large group of fluttering shearwaters gather together and sit on the water in rafts through the months of mid-December, January and February. Sometimes, rafts will form just near the coastline.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
其他鸟类
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Anaplectes rubriceps
The only weaver with a slender red-to-orange bill. The breeding male is geographically variable, but all races have diagnostic red heads. The female and non-breeding male have mostly plain gray or brown upperparts, red or yellow in the wing, and pale underparts. Pairs occupy broadleaf woodland and moist savanna, where they frequently join mixed-species flocks, foraging for insects by diligently searching leaves and branches. The species is often detected by its distinctive, high-pitched insect-like squeaks and chips that are incorporated into a typical weaver call and song. The much smaller Red-billed Quelea differs from Red-headed Weaver by having a streaky back and occurring in large flocks.
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