Brown Parrotbill

Fairly small tanager-like sparrow with an extremely tiny range in the foothills of eastern Panama, from around 800–1,200 m. Distinctive in range: olive-brownish overall with brighter yellow-ochre underparts, darker blackish face, and staring pale eye. Like other chlorospingus, typically found in small groups, often with a mixed-species flock. Usually sticks to the understory or middle levels of humid forest.

Chunky, skulking warbler that favors dense undergrowth. Yellow below and olive above with blue-gray head and chest. Blacker lores set off distinctive white arcs above and below eye. Adult males show darkest head; females and immatures have paler gray head and whitish throat. Found in thickets, clearcuts, open mixed forests, and riparian zones. Breeds primarily in mountainous regions of western North America; winters from Mexico to Costa Rica. Compare with Mourning Warbler, but little range overlap, and note longer tail and white eye-arcs on MacGillivray’s.

Plump, almost tailless, cryptically-plumaged bird with an orange eyering. Has a gray crown, an olive-green back, and white underparts with rusty flanks and a black-streaked breast. Inhabits humid, usually undisturbed forest with a fairly dense understory. Forages quietly by hopping on the forest floor. The song is a series of typically six deep, hurried hollow notes: “hoor-hoor-hoor-hoor-ho-ho.” The similar Spotted and Alta Floresta Antipttas are very difficult to tell apart, with similar songs which vary in the number of notes, but their ranges don’t overlap.