Bogota Rail
Rallus semiplumbeus
Medium-sized rail restricted to high-elevation marshes in the Andes of Colombia. Unlikely to be confused in small range. Gray below and brown above with bright red bill and legs. Sexes similar. Like most rails, often remains hidden among marshy grasses, but not overly shy. Sometimes walks at the edge of a lake or marsh in plain sight.
识别特征
The Bogotá rail is a typical member of the genus Rallus, with a long and slightly decurved bill, a plump body, and a short tail. It is 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 12 in) long. Its bill is dull red, shading to dusky black on the culmen and tip. Its eyes are red with a black pupil and its legs are dull coral red. The sexes are alike. Adults have a sepia brown crown and nape and plumbeous gray face, breast, and belly. Their back, tertials, secondaries, and the upper side of the tail are dull brown, with black streaks on the back. Their primaries are black with chestnut fringing, and a rufous patch is usually evident on the wing coverts. The rear parts of their flanks are black with fine white vertical barring and their undertail coverts are white. There is a small patch of white on the throat just below the bill. Juveniles are similar to adults with the addition of sooty tips on the breast feathers and a whitish throat.
分类信息
The Bogotá rail was first described in 1856 by the American ornithologist Philip Sclater, based on a specimen sent to him by the French collectors Jules and Édouard Verreaux. The generic name Rallus is thought to derive from the name for these birds in French (Rale) or German (ralle). The specific epithet semiplumbeus comes from the Latin plumbum (lead), suggesting that the bird is somewhat the color of lead.<p>The Bogotá rail has two known subspecies:<p>R. s. peruvianus is known from a single specimen thought to have been collected in Peru; it is now considered to be extinct. Some authors have suggested that it represents a distinct species.<p>The taxonomic relationships among the Rallidae species are complex and not fully resolved, but phylogenetic analysis has determined that this species is one of eight members that form a clade (a monophyletic group). It is most closely related to the plain-flanked rail (R. wetmorei), mangrove rail (R. longirostris), Virginia rail (R. limicola), king rail (R. elegans), and austral rail (R. antarcticus) of the New World (Nearctic and Neotropical realms ), and the African rail (R. caerulescens), water rail (R. aquaticus), and brown-cheeked rail (R. indicus) of the Palearctic and Afrotropical realms.
- 学名
- Rallus semiplumbeus
- 命名信息
- Sclater, PL, 1856
- 目
- Gruiformes
- 科
- Rallidae
- 属
- Rallus
分布与栖息地
The Bogotá rail is a scarce species endemic to the departments of Cundinamarca and Boyacá in the Eastern Andes of Colombia. It inhabits wetlands, ponds, and wet meadows on montane slopes and in the páramo, at elevations ranging from 2,000 to 4,100 m (6,600 to 13,500 ft) meters. The species is typically found in dense reedbeds dominated by the sedge Schoenoplectus californicus, but also including emergent vegetation such as Juncus effusus, Polygonum punctatum, Rumex obtusifolius, Bidens laevis, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, and Carex acutata. Reedbeds bordered by dwarf Chusquea bamboo or other dense vegetation seem to be favored.<p>A study of Bogotá rails in the wetland of La Conejera found that they spent on average 84% of their time within this type of habitat. The birds were also observed in wet grasslands, although it seems that they mainly ventured into this more open (and predator-friendly) habitat while moving between patches of wetland. They were only occasionally seen on floating vegetation.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The Bogotá rail's movements, if any, have not been recorded.<p>The Bogotá rail forages mostly at dawn and dusk. It seeks prey at the edges of reedbeds and marshes, in flooded grassy areas, in shallow water with floating plants, and among waterlogged dead vegetation. Its diet is principally aquatic invertebrates including insect larvae, and also includes worms, molluscs, amphibians, and plant material.<p>The Bogotá rail's breeding period is not well defined but appears to span from July to September. It is thought to be monogamous and territorial. Its nest and eggs are not known, but it is known that both parents care for the young.<p>The Bogotá rail calls only in daytime. Its vocalizations include "squeaks, grunts, and whistling and piping notes" that increase in volume and fairly abruptly end. When distubed it also makes a "brief, rapid 'titititirr'."
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Beautiful Firetail
Stagonopleura bella
Plump, tiny, short-tailed bird, finely barred below, with a bright red bill. In flight, bright red rump apparent. Very dark between eyes and bill (lores), with a pale eyering. Red-browed Firetail lacks fine barring and dark lores; Diamond Firetail has white belly and strongly spotted flanks. Juveniles plain brown, with features resembling adult but less pronounced. Inhabits heathland and woodlands in Tasmania and coastal areas of southeastern Australia.
Gray Wren-Warbler
Calamonastes simplex
A very dark, long-tailed warbler of dry country. Blackish-gray overall with a reddish eye and white tips to the tail. With a good look, barring on the throat, belly, and vent may be visible. The tail is frequently cocked up. Generally common in dry thorn savanna and thornscrub. Usually stays in the understory, but will sing from the tops of bushes and small trees. Similar in shape to Miombo Wren-Warbler, but much darker, with virtually no overlap in range. The main vocalization is a loud “chup,” repeated about once per second.
Gray-throated Rail
Canirallus oculeus
A distinctive and rarely encountered forest rail with a gray face, a red neck and chest, and a banded appearance to the belly. The hind neck and back are brown, contrasting with the reddish tail. Found in thick vegetation in lowland forest, especially along creeks and near marshes. Song can last up to three minutes: a series of doubled hollow notes becoming interspersed with and eventually replaced by softer notes as the song progresses. Also gives a rapid booming series of 3-6 half-second notes that descend on a scale of half tones. Sings by day or night.
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