Atlantic Plain-Xenops
Xenops minutus
Active small bird of humid tropical forest. Usually found singly, often moving with mixed-species feeding flocks. Clambers and climbs on small branches, twigs, and vines, mainly at middle to upper levels inside forest. Often hangs upside down like a chickadee. Note the bold white whisker mark, boldly patterned black-and-rusty wings and tail, and short, wedge-shaped bill. Compared to Streaked Xenops, note the general lack of streaking in Atlantic Plain. Song is a short, relatively slow, high-pitched series of upslurred squeaky notes.
识别特征
The white-throated xenops is about 12 cm (4.7 in) long and weighs about 10 to 13 g (0.35 to 0.46 oz). Its bill is wedge-shaped, fairly stubby, and slightly upturned. The sexes are alike and juveniles resemble adults. Adults have a conspicuous buff or whitish supercilium and a wide pure white malar stripe. Their upperparts are dull brown to rufous brown and unstreaked; their crown is darker and lightly streaked. Their tail is cinnamon with much black. Their wings are also cinnamon, with a wide tawny or ochraceous band on the flight feathers. Their throat is pale with little or no streaking. The rest of their underparts are plain dull grayish brown. Their iris is dark brown, their maxilla dull black, their mandible dull grayish white with a dark gray tip, and their legs and feet bluish gray.
分类信息
The white-throated xenops was formerly considered a subspecies of the plain xenops (now Xenops genibarbis, formerly X. minutus). HBW recognized the split by 2018 and the IOC followed suit in July 2023. However, the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (SACC) and the Clements taxonomy retain it as a subspecies of the plain xenops. The SACC does state that Xenops minutus sensu lato might consist of more than one species.<p>The white-throated xenops is monotypic: No subspecies are recognized.
- 学名
- Xenops minutus
- 命名信息
- (Sparrman, 1788)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Xenops
分布与栖息地
The white-throated xenops is found in eastern and southeastern Brazil from Bahia state south to Santa Catarina state, eastern Paraguay, and northern Argentina's Misiones Province. It inhabits the interior and edges of a variety of forested landscapes including terra firme forests in the tropical lowlands, semideciduous forest, mature secondary forest, and gallery forest. In elevation it occurs from sea level to 1,500 m (4,900 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The white-throated xenops is a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The white-throated xenops' diet is almost entirely arthropods, both adult and larval. It has been recorded eating termites, Hymenoptera like ants and bees, beetles, katydids, millipedes, and spiders. It typically forages from the forest understory to its mid level but does ascend to the canopy. It often joins mixed-species foraging flocks. It captures prey by gleaning, hammering, chiseling, and prying with its upturned bill. It does much of its foraging on fairly thin dead branches, often rotten ones and those that have fallen into the understory, and also feeds along vines.<p>The white-throated xenops' breeding biology has not been studied but is assumed to be similar to that of its former "parent" species, the plain xenops, for which see here: Plain xenops#Breeding.<p>The white-throated xenops' song is an "extr. high, hurried series of 5-10 x 'seep---' ".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
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Grallaricula loricata
Tiny, plump antpitta with long legs, short bill, and short tail. Chestnut head and brown back; white underparts markedly scalloped black. Throat white or buff with thin darker moustaches. Essentially a much smaller version of Chestnut-crowned Antpitta. Sexes similar. Difficult to see, mostly near the ground in forests with open understory. Locally uncommon in mossy cloud forest rich in palms. When perched, swings its body side-to-side. Easy to detect by voice, a simple, high pitched and descending whistle. Endemic to the Coastal Cordillera of Venezuela.
Spice Imperial-Pigeon
Ducula myristicivora
A large, stocky pigeon that is found on islands off the shore of Halmahera and far western Papua. Gray head, emerald-green back and wings, blue tail and rusty vent. The eye is red and there is a large knob-like projection on the front top of the bill. Found in a variety of forested habitats, and some wander between islands, sometimes straying to the mainland. Voice a deep, gravelly, 2-note “grrr-waw”, with the second note higher than the first. Similar Spectacled Imperial-Pigeon may co-occur but is separated by its white spectacle around the eye and lack of a knob on the bill.
Puff-throated Bulbul
Alophoixus pallidus
A large crested bulbul of tropical forests, usually found in the canopy foraging on berries. Body is a light yellow-green, while the wings, tail, and crown are brown. “Puff” of the white throat is slight and not an obvious feature. In the northwestern part of its range, it overlaps with the similar White-throated Bulbul, which has a more scraggly crest, more extensive white on the throat and face, and olive-green wings. Chatters with explosively harsh and barking quality; groups can be very loud and cacophonous.
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