Southern Brown Kiwi
Apteryx australis
The largest of New Zealand’s kiwis. A reddish to dark brown kiwi with brown to black streaking. Inhabits native forest, tussock grassland, and neighboring farmland. Mostly nocturnal, with some day foraging observed on Stewart Island and certain locations in Fiordland. Restricted to the mountains near Haast, Fiordland, Stewart Island, and sanctuaries. Foraging produces clear audible sniffling. Males give a series of clear rising whistles while females give a harsh throaty wail. Both sexes repeat their call many times. Could be confused with Weka by voice and shape; look for the kiwi’s much longer bill and lack of tail, and listen for its multisyllabic call.
识别特征
It has no preen gland, and its feathers have no aftershafts and no barbules. There are large vibrissae around its gape, and it has no tail, only a pygostyle. It has a length of 45 to 55 cm (18–22 in) and the female weighs 2.1 to 3.9 kg (4.6–8.6 lb) and the male weighs 1.6 to 2.8 kg (3.5–6.2 lb). Its bill is long and slender with a slight down-curve. Like other kiwis it is nocturnal. The colour of its plumage is rufous with some streaking.
分类信息
Apteryx australis is based on Greek and Latin. Apteryx means "A-" without "pterux" wings, and "australis" from "auster" the south wind, and "-alis" relating to.The southern brown kiwi belongs to the kiwi family and it is a ratite, and a member of the order Apterygiformes. Like all ratites, its sternum has no keel, it is flightless, and it has a distinctive palate.<p>The holotype specimen of Apteryx australis Shaw (Nat. Miscell., 24,1813, pl1057) is held in the collections of National Museums Liverpool at World Museum, with accession number NML-VZ D180. The specimen was collected by Captain Barclay at Dusky Sound, South Island, New Zealand and came to the Liverpool national collection via the 13th Earl of Derby's collection which was bequeathed to the people of Liverpool.<p>The southern brown kiwi is divided into two subspecies, with some conservationists arguing for a third:
- 学名
- Apteryx australis
- 命名信息
- Shaw, 1813
- 目
- Apterygiformes
- 科
- Apterygidae
- 属
- Apteryx
分布与栖息地
Southern brown kiwi live in the South Island and Stewart Island. On the mainland (South Island) they live in Fiordland and Westland. Their range is temperate and sub-tropical forests, grassland, and shrubland, the denser the better. They are widespread throughout Stewart Island where they also live on the sand dunes.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
Southern brown kiwi communicate vocally to aid in defending their territory. They will also sing duets with each other, with the male shrill "kee-wee" or "kee-kee" and the females hoarse " kurr kurr". Males are more vocal and they both call in an upright position with their legs stretched out and their bill pointing up.<p>The southern brown kiwi has a long slender bill with lateral nostrils at the tip, which helps give them their keen sense of smell. They utilise this, more than sight and sound, to forage in dirt for invertebrates, including earthworms, beetle larvae, snails, crayfish, spiders, centipedes, and orthoptera, as well as eels and amphibians. Its gizzard is weak, and underutilised due to the lack of plant matter. Its caeca are long and narrow and aid in digestion.<p>The southern brown kiwi, like all kiwi, has two functioning ovaries, however only the left oviduct functions, allowing eggs from both ovaries to pass through. It is a monogamous species and once paired up, they will defend their territories with warning calls. The size of their territory is between 4.9 and 43 hectares (12 and 106 acres). Nests are made in burrows, or sheltered beneath thick vegetation. The female lays 1–2 eggs, typically just 1, which the male incubates for 90 days. After a few days the chick will exit the nest and feed on its own, although it may stay around parents for a year. When not incubating eggs, they roost alone in sheltered places at ground level. <p>
保护状况
In 2000, after being recognised by IUCN, they were placed in the Vulnerable status group. They have an occurrence range of 9,800 km2 (3,800 sq mi) and population of 27,000 was estimated in 1996. Brush-tailed possums, Trichosurus vulpecula, and stoats, Mustela erminea, will eat the eggs, while stoats and cats will eat chicks and juveniles. Adults are also under threat as dogs, ferrets, and brush-tailed possums, attack them and the juveniles. The Stewart Island population is stable due to the lack of these predators, however stoats may have colonised the island in 2000.<p>In 2018 a drought caused a poor breeding season for Haast tokoeka and killed three chicks; six were airlifted to Orokonui Ecosanctuary near Dunedin, and then on to a "creche" on Rona Island in Lake Manapouri, Fiordland.
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Mikado Pheasant
Syrmaticus mikado
A stunning pheasant species endemic to Taiwan, the male a rich slaty blue with white markings and red facial skin, the female rich brown with extensive pale feather edges. Generally retiring, foraging quietly in the undergrowth of montane forests, but occasionally seen in the open, particularly in places where fed. Usually seen singly, in pairs, or in small family units (female with young). In breeding season, males drum with wings and give shrill whistling calls. Male lacks white back and tail of Swinhoe’s Pheasant; female has dark bill, grayish legs, pale markings below, and graduated, pointy tail, unlike female Swinhoe’s.
Black-necked Wattle-eye
Platysteira chalybea
A distinctive wattle-eye with iridescent blue-black upperparts and throat, off-white underparts, and bright green eye wattles. Unlike many other wattle-eyes, sexes are similar, with the female looking like a male with dull plumage. Similar to Red-cheeked Wattle-eye, with which it overlaps locally in western Cameroon. Where overlap occurs, Black-necked Wattle-eye is found at higher elevations and shows more off-white underparts, brighter green eye wattles, and a uniformly iridescent black head and throat. Song varies, but is often a distinctive phrase of two high rising whistles and then two lower ones, “sweeswee-huuhuu.”
Gray-cheeked Warbler
Phylloscopus poliogenys
Striking small warbler with bright white spectacles around each large dark eye; a refreshingly distinctive bird in a particularly frustrating group, thanks to its uniquely dark gray head. Active primarily in the lower levels of broadleaf forests in hilly and montane areas with dense undergrowth. Listen for its high-pitched song, typically 1-2 single note or pairs of notes, followed by a rapid musical series of 4-5 notes; averages higher-pitched than White-spectacled and Golden-spectacled Warblers, with less trilling than the former.
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