Undulated Antshrike
Frederickena unduliger
Magnificent dark antshrike of mature upland rainforest. Has a large head with a crest and strongly hooked bill. Males are slaty gray with fine black barring; females are tawny orange with fine black barring. Larger than most other antshrikes and antbirds in its range. Forages singly or in pairs in open understory, and seems to be somewhat rare throughout its range. Its song is a gradually rising series of low whistles given at a steady pace.
识别特征
The undulated antshrike is a large dark antbird, 22 to 25 cm (8.7 to 9.8 in) long and weighing 75 to 85 g (2.6 to 3.0 oz). The species exhibits significant sexual dimorphism, though both sexes of all subspecies have a crest, a brown to pale yellow iris, a heavy black bill with a hook at the end like true shrikes, and black legs and feet. Adult males of all three subspecies are mostly black with irregular thin white bars everywhere but the throat. Adult females of the nominate subspecies are mostly cinnamon with wavy black bars; their forehead and crest are rufous and black and their tail is black with thin gray bars. Females of subspecies F. u. pallida are paler overall than the nominate and have no bars on their mantle and their underparts. Females of F. u. diversa are intermediate between the other two.
分类信息
The undulated antshrike was described by the Austrian ornithologist August von Pelzeln in 1868 and given the binomial name Thamnophilus unduliger.<p>The undulated antshrike's taxonomy is unresolved. The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, the International Ornithological Committee, and the Clements taxonomy assign it three subspecies, the nominate F. u. unduliger (Pelzeln, 1868), F. u. diversa (Zimmer, JT, 1944), and F. u. pallida (Zimmer, JT, 1944). BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) includes a fourth subspecies, F. u. fulva (Zimmer, JT, 1944) that the other taxonomies recognize as a full species, the fulvous antshrike.
- 学名
- Frederickena unduliger
- 命名信息
- (Pelzeln, 1868)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Thamnophilidae
- 属
- Frederickena
分布与栖息地
The undulated antshrike is a bird of the western Amazon Basin. The nominate subspecies is found in northwestern Brazil along the upper Rio Negro and possibly as far south as the Rio Solimões (upper Amazon). Subspecies F. u. diversa is found from eastern Peru south of the rios Amazon and Marañón east into Brazil as far as the Rio Juruá and south into northwestern Bolivia as far as southern La Paz and Beni departments. F. u. pallida is found in Brazil south of the Amazon between the rios Purus and Madeira, and probably south into the eastern part of north-central Bolivia's Pando Department.<p>The undulated antshrike inhabits lowland evergreen forest such as terra firme. It greatly favors dense, viny, vegetation in the understorey, especially at openings such as those formed by fallen trees and along watercourses. In elevation it ranges up to about 1,100 m (3,600 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The undulated antshrike is presumed to be a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The undulated antshrike's diet has not been detailed but is assumed to include large insects and other arthropods. It forages singly or in pairs in dense foliage and vine tangles, mostly on the ground and up to about 3 m (10 ft) above it. It hops from branch to branch and along the ground to find prey. It typically jerks its tail sideways while foraging. It occasionally joins mixed-species feeding flocks that pass through its territory.<p>Only one study has been made of the undulated antshrike's breeding biology; three nests were observed. Its nesting season in Peru included October and November. The nests were a large woven cup. The three nests each had two eggs that were white with purplish markings. Both parents incubated the eggs during the day and the female alone at night. Both parents provisioned the nestlings. The incubation period, time to fledging, and other details of parental care are not known.<p>The song of the undulated antshrike's subspecies F. u. diversa is a "short series of 8-13 directly connected 'wuiw' notes, increasing in strength and pitch". The songs of the other two subspecies are not known well though they apparently differ from that of diversa. What is thought to be a typical call is "a long (e.g. 1 second), nasal, downward-inflected churr" written as "TCHEErrrrl". Other calls that may be from different populations are "a squeal followed by a sharp note" and a "short scratchy call repeated in short series".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Pale-billed Scrubwren
Aethomyias spilodera
A small bird of foothill forest understory and midstory. Dark brown upperparts, paler underparts and characteristic pale bill. Races differ. Some with spotted throat and whitish or buffy underparts. Searches actively for insects in small groups or mixed flocks, often flicking its tail. Co-occurs at elevations with other scrubwrens, including Gray-green and Perplexing, but Pale-billed has an obvious pale bill. Song, an up-and-down “see-saw” repeated. Call, a scratchy chattering.
Gambaga Flycatcher
Muscicapa gambagae
A drab flycatcher that is uncommon and localized across its range. Some of the key features include vague and blurry streaking on the breast and crown, short wings, and a bill that is dark above and pale below. Found in dry woodland and locally in dry montane forest. Very similar to Spotted Flycatcher, but smaller and shorter-winged, with less distinct streaking on the underparts and crown. Also similar to African Dusky Flycatcher, but slightly larger, paler, and longer-tailed, and found in a different habitat. The call is a short “tik” and the song is a quiet series of short, halting phrases of high-pitched wheezing notes.
Orange-cheeked Parrot
Pyrilia barrabandi
Medium-sized, boldly colored parrot of lowland rainforest. Black head with white eye patch and orange cheek is unique. Spectacular red, yellow, and blue wing patches are obvious in flight and contrast against its green body. Mostly found in upland forest, where it typically travels in pairs and small groups. Regularly visits clay licks. Call, usually given in flight, is similar to that of the more common Blue-headed Parrot, but the call is a cleaner, more pleasant “CUEET.”
开始您的观鸟之旅
在户外识别鸟类，并在下一次观察时随手查阅鸟类图鉴。