White-throated Piping-Guan
Pipile grayi
Large forest guan found in far southeastern Peru, Bolivia, southwestern Brazil, and northern Paraguay, often along rivers. Plumage is mostly black with a white face, crown, nape, and wing patch. It has a bare patch of skin on the throat that may be light blue or white. On older birds this skin patch ends in a wormlike wattle that dangles below the neck. Formerly treated as a subspecies of Blue-throated Piping-Guan; it can be distinguished by the pure white (not buff-streaked) crown and nape, paler blue or white throat patch, and the wormlike wattle (on adults). In some areas, including the Pantanal, individuals with blue and red throat patches can be found; these are likely hybrids with Red-throated Piping-Guan. Mostly arboreal, but sometimes descends to the ground to feed or drink. Song, often given at dawn or dusk, is a rising series of clear whistles. Occasionally rattles its wings loudly in flight.
识别特征
The white-throated piping guan is 60 to 69 cm (24 to 27 in) long. The sexes are alike. Most of their plumage is blackish with a light olive to olive green gloss that is strongest on the shoulders, wings, and tail. Their forehead, crown, and nape are white, as are the fringes of their breast feathers. The crown feathers are hair-like and have black or brownish black shafts that show as streaks The outer wing coverts are also white and show as a large patch on the folded wing; the inner coverts have white spots. White to cobalt blue bare skin surrounds the dark reddish brown eye. Bare skin forming a dewlap is also white to cobalt blue. Their bill can be pale blue with a black tip or black with a pinkish and blue base. Their legs are brownish red.
分类信息
The genus Pipile has been treated as including anywhere from one to five species depending on the criteria used by the various authors and taxonomic systems. At various times from one to four of them have been treated as subspecies of the Trinidad piping guan (P. pipile). By early 2023, major worldwide taxonomic systems had settled on five species including the white-throated piping guan, which had been considered a subspecies of the blue-throated piping guan (P. cumanensis). The white-throated piping guan is monotypic according to the worldwide systems. However, the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society retains the white-throated piping guan as a subspecies of the blue-throated.
- 学名
- Pipile grayi
- 命名信息
- (Pelzeln, 1870)
- 目
- Galliformes
- 科
- Cracidae
- 属
- Pipile
分布与栖息地
The white-throated piping-guan is found from extreme southeastern Peru through north-central and eastern Bolivia into southwestern Brazil and northern Paraguay. It inhabits humid tropical forest of the Amazon Basin including terra firme, várzea, and gallery types, and also cerrado woodland. It almost always occurs within about 100 m (330 ft) of rivers. In elevation it reaches 1,500 m (4,900 ft) in Bolivia.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The white-throated piping guan is thought to be mostly sedentary but it possibly makes local or elevational movements according to the availability of fruit.<p>The white-throated piping guan's diet is mostly fruits and leaves. Fruits of many plant families are consumed. During the nesting season it forages in pairs or family groups but outside that season may gather in flocks of up to about 20 birds, especially at salt licks. It typically forages in the canopy or just below it but may feed on the ground under a fruiting tree. It also regularly forages with other cracids.<p>The white-throated piping guan places its nest in the dense forest canopy. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.<p>The white-throated piping guan is vocal mostly, and possibly solely, in the breeding season. It makes a flight display with one or two wing-claps followed by its song, "ca. 8‒10 slow, clear, slightly ascending whistles, with each note becoming progressively longer...rendered püüeee, püüeee, püüeee...". The display may be given above the forest canopy, and is usually made at dawn and dusk. Another display is "wing-whirring... two quick and often barely audible wing-claps, followed by two or three whirring rattles...using the wings, prrrrrrrip-purrrrrr" The sound has "been likened to a deck of cards being fanned backwards and forwards."
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Bougainville Island-Thrush
Turdus bougainvillei
Poorly-known and seldom-seen thrush endemic to Bougainville, in the northwestern Solomons, where it inhabits montane forests. Dark overall, with orange bill, eyering, legs, and feet. Behavior poorly-known, but like other Island-Thrushes, likely forages at all levels of forest, especially on the ground. Vocalizations are poorly understood.
Monk Parakeet
Myiopsitta monachus
Medium-sized parakeet, bright lime green above with whitish face and chest, pinkish bill, and blue wingtips. Native to South America, where it is found in various open habitats, especially rural agricultural areas and towns. In introduced range, can be found locally in large cities. Builds enormous stick nests, often on large structures like cell phone towers and power poles; "Cliff Parakeet" of arid southcentral Bolivia manages to build, quite impressively, on sheer cliffs. Listen for its harsh, screeching voice.
Tapajos Hermit
Phaethornis aethopygus
Tiny rufous hummingbird with a curved bill and a yellow lower mandible. Note the prominent white bases to the outer tail feathers. Males have black cheeks and throat, a broad pale eyebrow, a rufescent green back, and a rusty rump and underparts. Females have less black on the throat and more rufescent underparts. Occurs in humid forest, where it forages in the understory.
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