Northern Double-collared Sunbird
Cinnyris reichenowi
Medium-sized sunbird in which males are colorful, green and red, and females drab brownish. Males have yellow shoulder tufts that are usually hidden. Found in montane forest clearings and edge, scrub, and gardens. The call is a harsh “jeet” and the song a quick explosion of high-pitched notes. Very similar to Eastern Double-collared and Olive-bellied Sunbirds, but males separated by the purple border above the red chest band. Female hard to separate from Eastern Double-collared, but can be separated from Olive-bellied by its lack of a pale eye-stripe. Also similar to Stuhlmann’s Sunbird, but smaller overall, with a shorter tail and bill.
识别特征
The northern double-collared sunbird is a medium-sized species. The adult male's head and back is a metallic green that has a steely-blue sheen in some lights. The rump is greyish-brown, the uppertail coverts metallic purple and the tail black, glossed blue. The main flight feathers are dark brown. There is a narrow purple collar beneath the metallic green throat, above a scarlet breast and pale brown belly. There are pale yellow pectoral tufts that are not always visible. The eye is black or dark brown, and the beak and legs are black. The adult female is more drab with upper parts dark olive green and a dark brown tail. The underparts are greyish-olive, the belly being tinged with yellow. The juvenile is similar to the adult female.
分类信息
The northern double-collared sunbird Cinnyris reichenowi is part of a large complex of 'double-collared sunbirds' of the genus Cinnyris found throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Mitochondrial data place this species as being most closely related to the southern double-collared sunbird C. chalybea of South Africa, though more research is warranted to confirm this relationship.<p>Most taxonomic authorities currently recognize two subspecies: Cinnyris reichenowi reichenowi of Eastern Africa and C. r. preussi of the Cameroon highlands, Adamawa Plateau, Mt. Cameroon, and Bioko. Three other populations have also been described within the species and later synonymized: C. r. kikuyuensis of the Kenyan highlands, now widely regarded as a synonym of C. r. reichenowi; C. r. genderuensis from Genderu mountain on the Adamawa Plateau, often considered a synonym of C. r. preussi; and C. r. parvirostris from Bioko, considered a synonym of C. r. preussi.<p>Given the range of variation exhibited across the species' range, subspecific distributions for the aforementioned populations were often uncertain. For example, C. r. preussi was originally believed to be restricted to Mt. Cameroon and adjacent regions, with interior parts of Cameroon being home to C. r. genderuensis. A recent re-assessment of populations found evidence for the recognition of three subspecies: rift sunbird C. r. reichenowi encompassing all East African populations; volcano sunbird C. r. preussi, found on Bioko, Mt. Cameroon, and the Cameroonian Highlands; and Genderu sunbird C. r. genderuensis, found in the xeric interior Adamawa Plateau of Cameroon, Central African Republic, and probably Nigeria.<p>Northern double-collared sunbird was originally described as Cinnyris reichenowi from Eastern Africa, but this species was formerly subsumed within greater Nectarinia along with the majority of African sunbirds, in which case it is referred to as Nectarinia preussi. This shift is due to the fact that golden-winged sunbird Drepanorhynchus reichenowi has taxonomic priority when also included in Nectarinia. This nomenclature shift has caused confusion between northern double-collared sunbirds and golden-winged sunbirds. Furthermore, due to this nomenclature conflict, eastern populations are sometimes referred to as Nectarinia preussi kikuyuensis due to the unavailability of reichenowi within the genus Nectarinia, and the availability of the synonym kikuyuensis.
- 学名
- Cinnyris reichenowi
- 命名信息
- Sharpe, 1891
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Nectariniidae
- 属
- Cinnyris
分布与栖息地
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The northern double-collared sunbird is often found in small mixed-species flocks, associating with species like white-eyes (genus Zosterops) and the oriole finch (Linurgus olivaceus). It tends to perch in the mid-storeys of trees, looking from side to side. It feeds on nectar, insects and their larvae, and spiders. The male is territorial and sings vigorously. It is aggressive throughout the year and attacks con-specific males, sometimes resulting in mid-air fights which may continue on the ground. It also does battle with the Cameroon sunbird (Cyanomitra oritis) and the olive-bellied sunbird (Cinnyris chloropygia).
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Lesser Nothura
Nothura minor
Sandy-colored tinamou that usually holds an upright posture. Has a brown crown and a heavily streaked back and throat. Occurs in grassland areas with scrub. The song is a series of metallic whistles: “peee peeeeee-peeep peeep peeep peeeeee.” The similar Spotted Nothura is larger and more rufescent and prefers areas with shorter grasses.
Fiery-tailed Awlbill
Avocettula recurvirostris
A small, uncommon hummingbird with a peculiar bill. Male appears mostly dark green, whereas female is green above and white below with a black line down center of breast. Bill is short, straight, and upturned at the tip. Found locally in drier habitats including savanna, forest edge, and dry zones on large granite outcrops, where it is most frequently seen around flowering trees or perched on bare branches. Feeds on nectar and hawks for insects either in hovering flight or from perches. Best told from other hummingbirds by distinctive bill; in plumage both male and female resemble respective sexes of Black-throated Mango, but awlbill is much smaller with.
White-bellied Seedeater
Sporophila leucoptera
Small finchlike bird with a short but very strong bill. Males are gray above (black in Bolivia) and white or grayish below with a white patch on the wings. Note the yellow bill. Females are brown above with a paler belly and a dark bill. Found in grasslands with scattered bushes.
开始您的观鸟之旅
在户外识别鸟类，并在下一次观察时随手查阅鸟类图鉴。