Nilgiri Pipit
Anthus nilghiriensis
Warm buff-brown pipit with prominent white eyebrow and strong dense streaking all over the back; breast is more finely and sparsely marked. Much more well-marked above than other local pipits. Restricted to the southern end of the Western Ghats, where it inhabits open grassy areas at 1000-2300 meters.
识别特征
The Nilgiri pipit is about 12.6–14 centimetres (5.0–5.5 in) long and is richly coloured, has dark lores, a buff supercilium and throat. It lacks any malar stripes. The flanks, breast and sides of neck are brighter buff and that bill is completely dark. The crown is heavily streaked in black as are the upperparts. The outer tail feathers are also buff coloured and there is no white in the plumage. The streaking on the breast is fine and it extends along the flanks.<p>The first four primaries of the wing are almost equal and the fifth is about 1–2 mm shorter. The primaries from the second to the fifth are emarginate. The tail feathers are pointed and the second outer feather has a tapering triangle along the shaft and the third with a small triangle at the tip. Abnormal albino individuals have been reported.
分类信息
The species was first described by Jerdon in 1840 under the name of Anthus rufescens, a name already used by Temminck for a different species. Blyth referred to it under the name of Anthus montanus. These are however invalid names and it was redescribed under replacement name of A. nilghiriensis by Richard Bowdler Sharpe in 1885.<p>The Nilgiri pipit is closely related to the tree pipits and is a sister to the clade containing Anthus trivialis and Anthus hodgsoni from which it diverged in the Pliocene.
- 学名
- Anthus nilghiriensis
- 命名信息
- Sharpe, 1885
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Motacillidae
- 属
- Anthus
分布与栖息地
The Nilgiri pipit is closely associated with short montane grasslands interspersed with marshy grounds and small streams mostly in hill slopes above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) in the Ponmudi hills and above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in the Nilgiris, Palani and High Ranges. They have also been claimed to occur in the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve but a 2014 study suggests that the species is restricted to the high altitude grassy peaks of the Nilgiris and the Anamalais. Museum specimens exist from the Palani ranges but habitat changes may have led to its reduction or extirpation as the species was not found in surveys in the 21st century.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
Nilgiri pipits are found singly or in pairs. When disturbed they usually fly into a low bush or tree. They breed in summer from April to July. The nest is a cup of grass in short grass. The clutch consists of two to three grey brown speckled eggs. They feed on grass seeds and insects with invertebrates becoming more important during the breeding season.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
其他鸟类
Para Foliage-gleaner
Automolus paraensis
Medium-sized and typically noisy foliage-gleaner with an olive-brown back, buff underparts, a white throat, and a rusty tail. Found mainly in humid lowland forest, often near streams, but also sometimes in seasonally flooded forests. Forages from the understory to middle levels. Acrobatically looks for food by gleaning dead leaves, and often accompanies mixed-species flocks.
Zenaida Dove
Zenaida aurita
Local and often rather wary dove of fairly open coastal habitats, such as beach dunes with desert scrub, overgrown fields, town edges. Resembles widespread Mourning Dove of North America, but slightly stockier, with a shorter and squared tail. Feeds on the ground, but most often seen in flight, which is fast and direct, usually rather low over the treetops. Best field mark is the white trailing edge to the inner part of the wing, usually quite distinct in flight.
Wing-snapping Cisticola
Cisticola ayresii
Tiny, short-tailed, streaky, brown cisticola. Has a longer tail in non-breeding plumage. Found in grassland and marsh. Usually seen when doing a flight display over its breeding habitat. The display consists of whistled notes, which can be down-then-up or on an even pitch, interspersed with wing snaps, which sometimes continue as the bird dives to the ground. Very similar to other small, short-tailed cisticolas, especially in non-breeding plumage. Best distinguished by voice.
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