Sand Lark
Alaudala raytal
Very pale gray-brown lark with a weak crest. Dark eyes stand out in pale face. Lightly streaked above and clean white below. Highly specialized; found only in dry, sandy waterside areas such as riverbanks, river islands, lakeshores, and coastal areas. Buzzy trilling song usually given in towering flight.
识别特征
The sand lark is about 12 or 13 cm (4.7 or 5.1 in) long. There is considerable geographic variation and three subspecies are recognized. All subspecies are dull brownish grey with faintly streaked upperparts and appears distinctly short-tailed with a fine bill. The bill length varies geographically short and stubby in the western part and long and fine tipped in the eastern part of its range. Subspecies krishnakumarsinhji found around Bhavnagar in Gujarat is greyer above with broad dark streaks on the upper plumage and breast. The lores and supercilium are white as is the area under the eye and the entire underside. The whitish breast has fine streaks in the subspecies other than krishnakumarsinhji and the streaking on the upperparts is faint. The nominate subspecies is found across the Gangetic plains and extends into southern Burma. Subspecies adamsi of West Asia (Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan) and parts of northwest India is paler.The species name raytal is derived from the Hindi name of retal which is derived from réth, the word for sand.
分类信息
The sand lark was originally assigned to the genus Alauda. It was later placed in the genus Calandrella until it was moved back to Alaudala in 2014 although not all authorities have recognized this change yet. The alternate name Asian short-toed lark is usually used to refer to the species of the same name, Alaudala cheleensis. Other alternate names include Ganges sand lark, Indian sand lark and Indian short-toed lark.<p>Three subspecies are recognized:
- 学名
- Alaudala raytal
- 命名信息
- (Blyth, 1845)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Alaudidae
- 属
- Alaudala
分布与栖息地
The species is found across the Gangetic plains, the sandy banks of the Indus, Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy and Chindwin Rivers. It is also found along the Narmada River but is much rarer there. It is found mainly on sandy islands along rivers and nearby fields. They also occur on coastal dunes and dry mud-flats.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The sand lark is usually found singly, in pairs or in small loose groups. They forage by making sudden zigzag spurts on the sandy banks near water, feeding on insects as well as seeds.<p>The breeding season is February to May. The song is varied and consists of rattling and tinkling notes high in the air followed by a series of dry rattling and whistled notes while descending lower. The flight includes soaring followed by rapid wing flapping and pauses before parachuting down in a series of steps with glides while the wing and tail are held spread out. In the last stage of the descent it dives vertically before perching on a clod. They may also sing while perched on the ground, often with a slightly raised crest. Calls of other birds are also incorporated into the song. The usual call notes is a clear tinkling chissip. The nest is a deep cup placed on the ground in a patch of vegetation on the sand. The usual clutch consists of three greyish white eggs which are speckled in brown.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Eurasian Crag-Martin
Ptyonoprogne rupestris
A large, compact, and powerful martin, gray-brown above, with contrasting dark "armpits." Tail is square with white windows prominent when spread. Vigorous, fast, and powerful flier, constantly twisting and turning as it patrols the sides of mountains and gorges. Frequently gives a hard, dry “chrrt.”
Sula Jungle Flycatcher
Cyornis colonus
A nondescript brown flycatcher with a rufous tail and rump. Note the hook-tipped bill, white throat, and pale gray unstreaked underparts. Juveniles paler above with buff fringes on some wing feathers. Occupies shady areas of the forest understory, including bamboo stands, in lowland areas. Restricted to the Sula Islands. Longer-billed and longer-tailed than female Snowy-browed Flycatcher, and further differs in absence of pale forehead and in having entirely gray underparts. Song is a quiet phrase of thin, high-pitched whistles, descending at the end, “tsee-tser-soo-loo-soo.”
Vieillot's Black Weaver
Ploceus nigerrimus
Unusual males are all-black. Females are olive-green, with paler underparts. Both sexes have a pale eye: yellow in males and pale brown in females. Found in wet scrub, cultivation, and along forest edge. Usually found in flocks and bustling breeding colonies. Vocalizations are typical of weavers: “chet” notes and a sizzling, “radio static” song. In the east, males very similar to Maxwell’s Black Weaver, but they are larger, prefer more open habitats, and have a bright yellow rather than gray eye.
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