Thorn-tailed Rayadito
Aphrastura spinicauda
Common and often noisy and conspicuous little bird of temperate southern forests, also ranging locally into matorral with taller trees. Found in pairs or small groups, at times flocks of tens in the nonbreeding season. Moves actively through foliage from canopy to low in thickets, even on the ground in leaf litter. Thorn-tailed Rayaditos are the core species in mixed-species winter feeding flocks. Plumage distinctive, with thick golden eyebrow, whitish bib (bib buffy on Chiloé Island), striped wings, and “thorny-tipped” tail.
识别特征
The thorn-tailed rayadito is approximately 14 centimetres (5.5 in) in length including the tail, and an average adult weighs around 11 grams (0.39 oz), with males being around 10 percent heavier than females. The most distinctive feature of a bird frequently compared to a tit is the long "thorn"-tail with twelve spiny rectrices, which gradually develops in juveniles as they mature. This thorn-tail is believed to be used, not to aid in climbing trees as in other funariids like the tit-spinetails, but to attract the opposite sex during courtship.<p>The plumage of the thorn-tailed rayadito is brown with several black lines above and generally white below in the nominate subspecies Aphrastura spinicauda spinicauda, whilst in Aphrastura spinicauda fulva of Chiloé the throat is cinnamon instead of white and in Aphrastura spinicauda bullocki of Mocha Island the dorsal side is entirely brown without black lines and the throat is white.<p>Typical voices of the thorn-tailed rayadito include:
分类信息
The thorn-tailed rayadito was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the wagtails in the genus Motacilla and coined the binomial name Motacilla spinicauda. Gmelin based his description on the "thorn-tailed warbler" that had been described and illustrated by the English ornithologist John Latham in his book A General Synopsis of Birds. The naturalist Joseph Banks had provided Latham with a water-colour drawing of the bird by Georg Forster who had accompanied James Cook on his second voyage to the Pacific Ocean. The picture was drawn in December 1774 at the Tierra del Fuego. This picture is held by the Natural History Museum in London. The thorn-tailed rayadito is now placed with the Masafuera rayadito in the genus Aphrastura that was introduced in 1899 by the American ornithologist Harry C. Oberholser.<p>Four subspecies are recognised:<p>The subspecies A. s. subantarctica was described in 2022 as a separate species, the Subantarctic rayadito, on the basis of genetic, morphological, and behavioral evidence.
- 学名
- Aphrastura spinicauda
- 命名信息
- (Gmelin, JF, 1789)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Aphrastura
分布与栖息地
It is found in noisy flocks from central Chile and adjacent Argentina, south to Tierra del Fuego.A study of the refugia used by rayaditos when the Patagonian Ice Sheet covered most of the species' existing range shows that Mocha Island was the most prominent glacial refuge and suggests the possibility that the species was present in areas to the east of the ice sheet in Argentine Patagonia, creating considerable gene flow when most of the ice sheet melted.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
Migration pattern: Resident species.
保护状况
Population trend: stable.
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
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Grallaria chthonia
Enigmatic large antpitta found only in southern Táchira, Venezuela. A “lost species” for many years until recently rediscovered there. Visually very similar to Scaled Antpitta, which apparently replaces this species at lower elevations, but with less ochraceous underparts that have fine black barring. Voice apparently also differs slightly from Scaled Antpitta, but no published descriptions.
Great Snipe
Gallinago media
Slightly bigger and stockier than Common Snipe, with a long and thick bill, heavily barred belly and contrasting upperwing pattern with dark underwings. Flushes at close range; escape flight is usually slow and short. Typically quiet and silent. Breeds in remote wet meadows or in mountain bogs where males lek (display together). Usually found at marshes on migration; autumn migrants make a direct nonstop flight to tropical African wintering grounds.
Atlas Flycatcher
Ficedula speculigera
Very similar and closely related to European Pied Flycatcher. Males have mixed features of Collared and European Pied Flycatchers, but note very large white wing patch and big white forehead. Also note the absence of a white collar and pale rump patch on Atlas Flycatcher. Females are very difficult to distinguish, but note gray upperparts with paler rump and big white primary base patch. Song is a cheery up-and-down series, quite similar to that of European Pied. Calls subtly different from European Pied Flycatcher with a slightly more metallic "whit" and a slower tempo. Inhabits a variety of wooded habitats in the Atlas Mountains.
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