Gray-headed Spinetail
Cranioleuca semicinerea
Distinctive-looking species with a short crest and a long spiky tail. Pale gray head and underparts contrast strongly with rusty back, tail, and wings. Note the indistinct whitish eyebrow. Inhabits forest vegetation, where normally forages acrobatically in the canopy and sub-canopy. Sings high-pitched, thin descending notes finishing with a trill: “tseet-tseet-tseet-tseet-titititititit.”
识别特征
The grey-headed spinetail is 14 to 16 cm (5.5 to 6.3 in) long and weighs 14 to 16 g (0.49 to 0.56 oz). The sexes have the same plumage, which in its range is unique. Adults have a faint whitish supercilium and a gray-brown line through the eye on an otherwise pale gray face. Their forehead is pale buffy gray and their crown and nape are slightly darker gray; the crown has a short crest. Their back, tail, and wings are rufous-brown. Their tail feathers are graduated and lack barbs at the end giving a spiny appearance. Their throat and belly are pale gray and their breast, flanks, and undertail coverts are darker gray. Their iris is amber to dark brown, their bill dusky pinkish with a dark tip, and their legs and feet olive to yellowish green or paler pink-brown.
分类信息
The grey-headed spinetail's taxonomy is unsettled. The International Ornithological Committee and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World treat it as monotypic. The Clements taxonomy assigns it two subspecies, the nominate C. s. semicinerea (Reichenbach, 1853) and C. s. goyana (Pinto, 1936).<p>This article follows the monotypic model.
- 学名
- Cranioleuca semicinerea
- 命名信息
- (Reichenbach, 1853)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Cranioleuca
分布与栖息地
The grey-headed spinetail is found in eastern Brazil from Ceará south to Goiás and slightly into Minas Gerais. It inhabits dryer deciduous and semi-deciduous forest and woodlands and the edges of more humid evergreen forest. In elevation it ranges between 500 and 850 m (1,600 and 2,800 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The grey-headed spinetail is a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The grey-headed spinetail feeds on arthropods. It typically forages in pairs, usually as part of a mixed-species feeding flock. It acrobatically gleans prey from bark and debris as it hitches along small branches high in the forest's subcanopy and canopy.<p>The grey-headed spinetail's nest is an oval ball of moss and rootlets with a side entrance, typically wrapped around a horizontal branch about 5 to 12 m (15 to 40 ft) above the ground. Both parents provision nestlings. Nothing else is known about the species' breeding biology.<p>The grey-headed spinetail's song is an "extr. high 'tsit-tsit-tsit-' then bouncing down as [a] rattle". Its call is a "high 'trwit' ".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Slate-colored Grosbeak
Saltator grossus
Stunning grosbeak, entirely slaty gray with striking white throat and thick bright red bill. Female similar but with duller orange bill. Found singly or in pairs, usually at middle levels in forests or edges, often following a mixed-species flock. Listen for the sweet, simple whistled song.
Black Scimitarbill
Rhinopomastus aterrimus
This all-black bird has a long, slim bill, and a fairly long tail. In flight, white bars across the wings are revealed. Birds in the eastern part of the range also have white in the outer tail, while the western birds have all-black tails. Found in a variety of savanna habitats. The call is a series of fluted, rising “wheet” notes; similar to Common Scimitarbill, but higher-pitched. Also similar in appearance to Common Scimitarbill, but there is little overlap in range, and Black is separated by its straighter bill and slightly shorter and less pointed tail. Separated from woodhoopoes by its shorter, less floppy, and squarer tail.
Black-crowned Tityra
Tityra inquisitor
Handsome, mostly silvery gray bird of tropical lowland forest and adjacent semi-open areas with taller trees. Usually found at mid-upper levels of fruiting trees, sometimes in small groups that mix readily with the commoner Masked Tityra. Black-crowned is told from slightly larger Masked by its solidly black bill. Male is more silvery overall, with a black cap; female had brown face and smaller black cap. Tityras nest in tree cavities, that they sometimes steal from woodpeckers.
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