Red-billed Parrot
Pionus sordidus
Medium-sized parrot of mid-elevation cloud forest. Plumage is green with red vent, blue breast, and dark blue forecrown. Red bill is usually evident on perched birds, but can be hard to see in flight. Eyering is gray or white and rather indistinct in much of its range. In flight, note deep wingbeats: wingtips almost touch on the downward stroke. Typically encountered in small flocks of up to 10 or 15 birds, occasionally more. Feeds on fruit in the forest canopy.
识别特征
The red-billed parrot is 27 to 29 cm (11 to 11 in) long and weighs about 272 g (9.6 oz). All of the subspecies have the eponymous red bill. Adults of the nominate subspecies P. s. sordidus have a dull green head whose feathers have dull blue edges; their eye is surrounded by bare grayish skin. Their back, wings, and inner tail feathers are olive green; their outer tail feathers are blue. Their upper breast is dull blue that becomes buff-olive with a pink tinge on the belly. Their undertail coverts are red. Immature birds have a green head and breast and yellowish green undertail coverts.<p>Subspecies P. s. antelius is paler than the nominate and has very little blue on the breast. P. s. saturatus is darker than the nominate and P. s. ponsi is darker than saturatus. Subspecies P. s. corallinus is larger and greener than the nominate, and its mantle and back have gray and blue tinges. P. s. mindoensis is similar to corallinus but somewhat yellower.
分类信息
In 1751 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the red-billed parrot in the fourth volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. He used the English name "The dusky parrot". Edwards based his hand-colored etching on a live bird in London that was owned by the botanist and Fellow of the Royal Society Peter Collinson. Collinson believed his parrot had come from New Spain. When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition, he placed the red-billed parrot with the other parrots in the genus Psittacus. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name Psittacus sordidus, and cited Edwards' work. The red-billed parrot is now one of eight species of parrot placed in the genus Pionus that was introduced in 1832 by the German naturalist Johann Georg Wagler. The genus name is from Ancient Greek piōn, pionos meaning "fat". The specific epithet sordidus is Latin meaning "shabby" or "dirty".<p>The red-billed parrot has these six subspecies:<p>In the early 20th century some authors treated subspecies P. s. corallinus as a separate species. More recently some authors have questioned the validity of P. s. mindoensis as separate from corallinus. The red-billed parrot and the scaly-headed parrot (P. maximiliani) are sister species.
- 学名
- Pionus sordidus
- 命名信息
- (Linnaeus, 1758)
- 目
- Psittaciformes
- 科
- Psittacidae
- 属
- Pionus
分布与栖息地
The subspecies of the red-billed parrot have a disjunct distribution. They are found thus:<p>The red-billed parrot inhabits a variety of wooded landscapes including the interior, clearings, and edges of humid to wet lowland and submontane evergreen and semi-deciduous forests; cloud-, secondary, and gallery forests; and coffee plantations. In elevation it is mostly found between 500 and 1,500 m (1,600 and 4,900 ft) but ranges as low as 100 m (300 ft) and as high as 2,400 m (7,900 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The red-billed parrot makes some local seasonal movements in northern Venezuela but its movements, if any, in the rest of its range are not known.<p>Little is known about the red-billed parrot's foraging behavior or diet, though the latter is known to include fruits and blossoms.<p>The red-billed parrot's breeding season varies geographically. It spans February to April in Colombia and January to May in Ecuador; in Venezuela it includes April and in Bolivia includes October. It nests in holes in trees. The clutch size appears to usually be three eggs. The incubation period is about 27 days and fledging occurs about 12 weeks after hatch.<p>The red-billed parrot's flight calls appear to be different among the subspecies. P. s. sordidus and P. s. antelius make "a strident “kee!-yak” ". P. s. corallinus and P. s. mindoensis make "an upslurred “crree!” and a more mellow “crrah” ".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Cliff Flycatcher
Hirundinea ferruginea
This unmistakable long-winged flycatcher is widespread (though rarely very numerous) throughout much of South America. As the name implies it occurs around cliffs, landslides, and even buildings. Medium size, warm rufous coloration (brightest on the wings), and habitat are distinctive. Some variation across range, with birds in the Andes having more whitish speckling on the face. Compare with Streak-throated Bush-Tyrant, which is larger and has a streaked throat. Usually seen singly or in pairs, perched conspicuously on a snag, rock face, powerline, or building.
Red-shouldered Macaw
Diopsittaca nobilis
Small macaw, easily confused with a large parakeet. Largely green apart from a contrasting bare white face, blue crown, and red shoulders. The bill varies in color between regions; all dark in the northern subspecies, with a paler upper mandible and dark lower mandible in other subspecies. Typically found foraging in groups or pairs in savannas, palm groves, and occasionally in urban areas. Has a loud rasping call.
Beaudouin's Snake-Eagle
Circaetus beaudouini
Chunky dark brown raptor with a white belly marked by thin bars. Immatures are brown when perched, and show rufous patches in the underwing in flight. Found in savanna habitats. Soars frequently and sometimes hovers. Very similar to Short-toed Snake-Eagle, but has darker upperparts and narrower dark bars on the belly; the front of the underwings looks white and unbarred in flight. Immature similar to immature Black-breasted and Short-toed Snake-Eagles, but identified by the rufous patches on the underwings.
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