Common Miner
Geositta cunicularia
Widespread but often local in open areas typically with sandy soil from Patagonian steppe to coastal dunes to bogs in the high Andes; often less common than other miners in the same areas. Often seen in pairs, walking with a waddling gait and pumping its tail like most miners. Best identified by distinct breast streaking, relatively long and very slightly decurved bill, and (in flight) bright rusty wing patches. Northern populations also have contrasting creamy white rump. Song varies geographically.
识别特征
The common miner is a medium-size member of its genus. It is 14 to 17 cm (5.5 to 6.7 in) long and weighs 20 to 34 g (0.71 to 1.2 oz). The sexes are alike. The nominate subspecies G. c. cunicularia has a pale brownish face with a wide whitish supercilium and a vague darker "moustache" and line behind the eye. It has a dull grayish brown crown and upperparts; the former has dark brown spots. Its uppertail coverts are dull grayish brown with pale brownish tips. Its tail feathers have buff-whitish bases and blackish ends with pale rufescent between them. The pale area is progressively larger from the innermost to the outer feathers and the outermost have almost entirely white outer webs. Dull brownish wing coverts with pale buff tips form distinct wing bars. Its flight feathers are dull brownish with a wide pale rufous band. Its throat is whitish, its breast buff-white with wavy brownish streaks, its belly pale buffy whitish with a pale cinnamon tinge on the flanks, and its undertail coverts whitish. Its iris is brown to yellowish brown, its medium-length bill is black to brown with sometimes a pale base to the mandible, and its legs and feet are dark gray to black.<p>The other subspecies of the common miner differ from the nominate and each other thus:
分类信息
Taxonomists assign these nine subspecies to the common miner:<p>Subspecies G. c. juninensis, G. c. titicacae, and G. c. frobeni might instead be members of a separate species. Subspecies G. c. georgei and G. c. deserticolor might also be members of another separate species.<p>Among members of genus Geositta, the common miner is most closely related to the slender-billed miner (G. tenuirostris).
- 学名
- Geositta cunicularia
- 命名信息
- (Vieillot, 1816)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Geositta
分布与栖息地
The subspecies of the common miner are found thus:<p>Though the International Ornithological Committee includes Paraguay in the range of cunicularia, the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society has no records in that country.<p>The common miner inhabits open landscapes including puna and temperate grasslands, arid lowland scrublands, and moister restinga scrublands. Most are flat to gently sloping and have sandy soils, short grass, and scattered rocks and shrubs. The species' distribution tends to be patchy. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 5,000 m (16,000 ft).
- 迁徙
- Complete migrants
行为
The Andean subspecies of the common miner appear to be mostly year-round residents but make some movement downslope after the breeding season. G. c. hellmayri moves north after breeding. The southern subpopulation of the nominate G. c. cunicularia also moves north but the division between it and the resident more northerly subpopulation is unclear.<p>The common miner forages singly or in pairs. It gleans food from the ground while hopping, not walking. Its diet is mostly arthropods including adult and larval flies and beetles; seeds are a minor component.<p>The common miner breeds in the austral summer, generally between September and December. It is thought to be monogamous. It excavates a horizontal tunnel with an enlarged chamber at the end in an earthen bank or slope, and pads the chamber with grass, hair, feathers, and other soft material. The clutch size is two or three eggs and both parents incubate them and provision the nestlings.<p>The common miner sings during a display flight. The nominate subspecies's song is two notes sounding like "ta whit-ta whit" and its flight call is "a nasal 'dee-dijer' or 'er?' ". The other subspecies sing "a loud, shrill...'de-dirr-rr-rrr' " and their flight calls are "a high-pitched 'keep' or rich, sweet 'pip' ". All subspecies make trilled notes as well.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Green-tailed Goldenthroat
Polytmus theresiae
Medium-sized hummingbird of semi-open areas. Note entirely green plumage (including tail) and plain face with white spot behind eye. May be found in coastal savannas, savanna enclaves at lower elevations in the tepui region, and patches of dry scrub on rock formations in rainforest. Perches on low shrubs, often near temporary pools, preening and chasing other hummingbirds. Similar to Glittering-throated Emerald but lacks any white below and shows less contrast between face and throat. Frequently produced song is an excited, accelerating series of notes.
Raso Skylark
Alauda razae
Found only on Raso Island of the Cape Verdes. Overall grayish-brown and moderately streaked including the breast. Note the large and heavy bill. Sometimes erects small crest. Belongs to the same genus as Eurasian Skylark, but is smaller with shorter wings and tail than Eurasian Skylark. Found along dry riverbeds on flat plains. Song is similar to that of Crested Lark. Call a short rattle, "Chureep."
Snowy Egret
Egretta thula
Small white heron with black bill, black legs, and yellow feet. Lores (between eye and bill) are usually bright yellow, but flush reddish in the breeding season. Also note lacy plumes on head, breast, and back during breeding season. Immatures have duller yellow lores and more yellow extending up the legs than adults. Fairly common and widespread in North and South America; often most common along the coast. Found in a variety of wetland habitats, especially shallow marshy pools and mudflats. Forages fairly actively in shallow water, often darting after small fish. Compare with immature Little Blue Heron, which usually has more greenish legs and lores, and note Snowy’s more active feeding style.
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