Bearded Mountaineer
Oreonympha nobilis
Fairly large hummingbird with a striking facial pattern and a long tail. Brown above, white below, with a brown head and black-and-white forked tail. Males have an iridescent green and purple gorget, and in some populations a blue forehead; females are similar but duller. Found in dry mountain scrub at high elevations.
识别特征
The bearded mountaineer is 14 to 16.5 cm (5.5 to 6.5 in) long including the approximately 2.3 cm (0.91 in) long bill. It weighs about 7 to 9 g (0.25 to 0.32 oz). Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a deep purplish blue forecrown and crown with a narrow black stripe in the middle. The face is bronzy black with a narrow white band at the back. Its gorget is long and narrow, emerald green under the chin and the rest purplish with a bluish tip. The nape, back, and rump are bronzy to bronzy brown. The tail is long and deeply forked; the feathers are bronzy with increasing amounts of white from the innermost to outermost. The center of the breast is white, the sides of the breast and flanks brownish, and the undertail coverts are bronzy brown. The adult female is similar to the male but duller overall and dingier underneath. Its gorget is smaller and mostly white and the tail less deeply forked. Both sexes have black bills and legs. Juveniles are duller than the adults, with a scaly green crown, a dull brown throat, and a yellow mandible.<p>Males of subspecies O. n. albolimbata has white bands on either side of the crown and its tail is much more coppery. The female has white extending from the same white bands of the crown through the lores to the gorget.
分类信息
The ornithologist John Gould described the species in 1869, from a specimen collected by Henry Whitely at Tinta District, and placed it in its own genus Oreonympha. He recognised a kinship with Oxypogon and Ramphomicron. A study of mitochondrial DNA of hummingbirds shows it to be most closely related to the bearded helmetcrests (Oxypogon sp.) and the rufous-capped thornbill (Chalcostigma ruficeps). The other member of the genus Chalcostigma lay outside the group, suggesting the genus might need revising in the future. In addition, the South American Classification Committee (SACC) of the American Ornithological Society is considering a proposal to merge both Oreonympha and Chalcostigma into Oxypogon.<p>The SACC, the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), and the Clements taxonomy recognize two subspecies, the nominate O. n. nobilis and O. n. albolimbata. However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) treats these taxa as separate species, the eastern and western mountaineers respectively.
- 学名
- Oreonympha nobilis
- 命名信息
- Gould, 1869
- 目
- Apodiformes
- 科
- Trochilidae
- 属
- Oreonympha
分布与栖息地
The "eastern" nominate subspecies of bearded mountaineer is found in the departments of Apurímac and Cuzco of south-central Peru, in the drainages of the Urubamba and upper Apurímac rivers. The "western" subspecies O. n. albolimbata is found in Peru's departments of Huancavelica, Ayacucho, and Apurímac, in the drainages of the Mantaro, Pampas, and Chalhuanca rivers.<p>The species inhabits dry Andean valleys characterized by rocky and scrubby hillsides and open woodland. It occurs in a variety of native plant communities but also is regularly found in tree tobacco (Nicotiana) and Eucalyptus even along roads and in towns. In elevation it ranges from 2,500 to 3,900 m (8,200 to 12,800 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The bearded mountaineer is resident throughout it range.<p>The bearded mountaineer feeds on nectar, primarily that of Agave, cacti, Nicotiana, and Eucalyptus. It feeds both by hovering with an almost vertical stance and tail flicking, but also clings to flowers with open wings. It also eats small arthropods. It is submissive to most other hummingbirds.<p>The bearded mountaineer's breeding phenology has not been documented, though an early author suggest that it might breed in caves above rivers.<p>The bearded mountaineer's vocalizations include "a descending, squeaky series followed by a rich chatter: swee swee chew-chew-chew [and] also a dry dzzrt."
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Itatiaia Spinetail
Asthenes moreirae
Small, plain, long-billed and long-tailed spinetail with a restricted range. Found in bamboo thickets and clearings in montane forests with grass and shrubs where it forages in the understory. Note the rufous chin contrasting with a dull-brown body. The song is a high-pitched ascending and descending trill.
Greater Honeyguide
Indicator indicator
This large honeyguide is a mostly brownish bird with white outer tail feathers and an upright posture. It is one of the most distinctive members of its family and has frosted white edgings to the shoulder feathers. Sexes differ: the male has a pink bill, black throat, and large white “ear muffs’; the female has a dark bill and pale throat. The immature has a yellow throat and breast. Singles and pairs are inconspicuous in woodland, open cultivated areas, and gardens; they often raid bees’ nests to eat wax, eggs, and larvae. Most often seen in undulating flight; may also be tracked down by following its unique vocalization, a series of strident two-noted segments: “VIC-tor, VIC-tor, VIC-tor”.
Eastern Bristlebird
Dasyornis brachypterus
Small, long-tailed terrestrial bird of southeastern New South Wales and ranges on the Queensland border. Mottled grayish brown, paler below, with red eye, reddish wing, pale throat, faint pale supercilium, and long, graduated rusty tail. Dark bristles around bill give this species its name. Runs around on the ground in forested areas with dense understory, as well as in coastal heathland, and rarely seen in flight. Calls include a chirpy whistled "chip chip whirr-eee."
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