Scale-throated Earthcreeper
Upucerthia dumetaria
Fairly common in the Andes and foothills, and locally common in shrub-steppe of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Favors shrubby vegetation on rocky slopes and adjacent bogs and grassy areas; often sings from prominent perch on a rock or fencepost. In most of range, no similar species: note long arched bill, dusky scalloping on throat and breast, and pale eyebrow. Compare with Patagonian Forest Earthcreeper (until recently considered same species as Scale-throated).
识别特征
The scale-throated earthcreeper is 20 to 22 cm (7.9 to 8.7 in) long and weighs 37 to 55.5 g (1.3 to 2.0 oz). It is a large earthcreeper with a long and very decurved bill. The sexes' plumages are alike. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a whitish supercilium on an otherwise grayish white and dark grayish brown face. Their crown is a dull dark grayish brown with some fainter mottling. Their nape, back, rump, and uppertail coverts are uniform dull brownish gray. Their tail's central feathers are dull grayish brown and the rest blackish brown with dull rufous tips; the amount of rufous increases from inner to outer feathers. Their wings are grayish brown with paler edges and dull rufous bases to the flight feathers. Their chin is whitish, their throat whitish with thin dark bars, their breast dark grayish brown with a black scalloped appearance, their belly whitish, their flanks grayish brown, and their undertail coverts dull gray-brown. Their iris is dark brown, their bill blackish, and their legs and feet dark brown. Juveniles have fine streaks on their forehead and back, and more extensive scalloping on their underparts than adults. Subspecies U. d. hypoleuca is similar to the nominate but with more rufous upperparts and more buffy underparts. U. d. peruana is similar to hypoleuca but has a longer bill, is slightly lighter, and has less rufous in its wings.
分类信息
The scale-throated earthcreeper has three subspecies, the nominate U. d. dumetaria (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1832), U. d. peruana (Zimmer, JT, 1954), and U. d. hypoleuca (Reichenbach, 1853). What is now the Patagonian forest earthcreeper (U. saturatior) was considered a fourth subspecies until about 2009.
- 学名
- Upucerthia dumetaria
- 命名信息
- Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I, 1832
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Upucerthia
分布与栖息地
The nominate subspecies of the scale-throated woodcreeper is the southernmost. It is found in far southern Chile, and throughout Argentina at different times of the year. U. d. hypoleuca is found in western Bolivia, central Chile, and western Argentina. U. d. peruana is known only from two specimens collected in the 1950s in far southeastern Peru's Department of Puno. The species inhabits puna grassland and arid scrublands in both the lowlands and Andes. It favors rocky grassland and also shrubby slopes and shrub–steppe broken by ravines and rock outcrops. In elevation it ranges as high as 4,000 m (13,000 ft).
- 迁徙
- Complete migrants
行为
Most populations of the scale-throated earthcreeper are year-round residents. Those in Tierra del Fuego and the far southern mainland are believed to migrate as far north as northern Argentina and possibly southern Uruguay. (The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society has only undocumented sight records from Uruguay, so it classes the species as hypothetical in that country.)<p>The scale-throated earthcreeper's feeds on arthropods. It usually forages by itself, by probing and gleaning from the ground.<p>The scale-throated earthcreeper breeds during the austral summer including at least October to December. It is thought to be monogamous. It usually nests at the end of a tunnel it excavates in an earth bank or in sloping ground, and floors the nest chamber with grasses. It has also been documented nesting in a hole in a human structure and in crevices in rocks. The clutch size is two to four eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.<p>The scale-throated earthcreeper often sings from the top of a bush. Its song is " 'chippy, chippy, chippy, chip' or 'pli-pli-pli-pli-pli...' increasing slightly in pitch and sometimes descending towards the end". Its calls include "a wheezy 'keet' or squeaky-sounding 'keep',...and sharp, dry 'dzit' ".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Highland Lark
Corypha kurrae
A large, robust, rusty lark with a short crest, hefty bill, and prominent rufous wing panel that is obvious in flight. Geographically variable, ranging from blackish on the back and buff below to rich rufous overall. Pairs are locally resident in open habitats including grassland, grassy savanna, woodland, and cultivated areas. The song is sweet and simple song, consisting of of 2-5 whistled notes. Can be similar to Sun Lark, but larger and with a larger bill.
Rennell Starling
Aplonis insularis
A medium-sized, uniformly black starling with a glossy purplish-bluish sheen and a short tail. Bill is relatively thick and stubby. Arrow-shaped throat feathers are often puffed out. Eye pale orange. Juvenile resembles adult, but dustier in color, with a gray eye. Prefers forest edge; less common inside forest and open areas. Very similar to Singing Starling, but distinguished by pale eye, shorter tail, and lack of dark streaks on belly of juvenile. Song consists of metallic warbling. Common call is a metallic “chink.”
Banasura Laughingthrush
Montecincla jerdoni
This is the only montane laughingthrush in its range and hence unmistakable. It is dull brown above, with gray breast and head and a pale rufous belly. It has a black chin connecting to a black eye-line and a prominent white eyebrow. Inhabits stunted montane forests, where it is seen in pairs or noisy flocks, producing a melodious “pee-kooo” song and several other chatters intermingled with musical notes. Heard more often than seen; its songs and calls are usually the first indication of its presence.
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