Sapphire-spangled Emerald
Chionomesa lactea
A commonly encountered small hummingbird with a glittering green back, violet-blue throat and breast, green flanks, and a white stripe down the breast. The bill is slightly curved. Found in open and semiopen habitats such as forest edges, savanna, woodland, parks and plantations.
识别特征
The sapphire-spangled emerald is 8 to 11 cm (3.1 to 4.3 in) long and weighs 3.6 to 5 g (0.13 to 0.18 oz). Both sexes of all subspecies have a medium length straight bill with a blackish maxilla and a pinkish to horn colored mandible with a darkish to blackish tip. Males of the nominate subspecies C. l. lactea have golden- to bronze-green upperparts with bronze-green crown, neck, and flanks. Their throat and upper breast are glittering violet-blue, the center of their lower breast white, their belly grayish, and their undertail coverts whitish with brown streaks. Their central tail feathers have shining green or bronzy green bases that darken to the end and their outer tail feathers are bluish black. Adult females are similar but have a grayish throat with glittering turquoise spots and their outermost tail feathers have grayish tips. Juveniles are similar to adult females but with much grayish on their underparts.<p>Males of subspecies C. l. zimmeri have a smaller patch of glittering violet-blue than the nominate; it does not extend from the throat onto the breast. Females have a whiter throat and belly than the nominate. Males of C. l. bartletti have a brighter green crown than the nominate, a grayish fringe on the throat feathers, a greenish center to the belly, a grayish lower belly, and much brown on the undertail coverts. Females resemble the males but are duller. Their throat and breast have white and gray flecks and their belly is whiter than the nominate's.
分类信息
The sapphire-spangled emerald has at various times been placed in genera Hylocharis, Polyerata, and until 2014 in Amazilia. A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2014 found that Amazilia was polyphyletic. In the revised classification to create monophyletic genera, the sapphire-spangled emerald and glittering-throated emerald (Chionomesa fimbriata) were moved by most taxonomic systems to the resurrected genus Chionomesa that had been introduced in 1921 by Eugène Simon. However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) retains it in Amazilia.<p>The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society (SACC), the International Ornithological Committee (IOC), and the Clements taxonomy assign these three subspecies to the sapphire-spangled emerald:<p>The HBW taxonomic system treats C. l. bartletti as a separate species, the spot-vented emerald (Amazilia bartletti). Some taxonomists have suggested that C. l. zimmeri should also be treated as a species in its own right.<p>This article follows the IOC and Clements three-subspecies model.
- 学名
- Chionomesa lactea
- 命名信息
- (Lesson, RP, 1832)
- 目
- Apodiformes
- 科
- Trochilidae
- 属
- Chionomesa
分布与栖息地
The three subspecies of sapphire-spangled emerald have separate ranges. C. l. zimmeri is the northernmost; it is found only in southeastern Venezuela's Bolívar state. The nominate C. l. lactea is found in eastern Brazil from Bahia south through Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo into Paraná. It has also been recorded as a vagrant in northern Argentina. C. l. bartletti is found in eastern and southeastern Peru, northern Bolivia, and adjacent western Brazil. There is at least one undocumented record in extreme eastern Ecuador and the SACC classes it as hypothetical there.<p>The sapphire-spangled emerald in general inhabits semi-open landscapes such as the edges of rainforest, gallery forest, secondary forest, river edges, and clearings. It mostly occurs at elevations below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) but in Venezuela has the narrow elevational range between 1,100 to 1,400 m (3,600 to 4,600 ft). In addition to the semi-open landscapes, C. l. lactea is also found in open cerrado, campos rupestres, parks, and gardens. In elevation it is mostly near sea level but has been recorded locally as high as about 1,300 m (4,300 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The eastern Brazilian sapphire-spangled emerald C. l. lactea makes short north-south seasonal movements that are apparently tied to the timing of its flowering nectar sources. The movements of the other two subspecies, if any, are unknown.<p>The sapphire-spangled emerald forages for nectar at a wide variety of native and introduced flowering plants, shrubs, and trees. Some favored families are Leguminaceae, Malvaceae, Heliconiaceae, Bromeliaceae, and Rubiaceae, with Verbenaceae and Lythraceae being lesser sources. Males defend feeding territories. In addition to nectar, the species feeds on insects caught by hawking from a perch.<p>The sapphire-spangled emerald's breeding season appears to span from October to January. It builds a cup nest of plant down and spiderweb with lichen on the outside; it is typically placed as a "saddle" on a small branch. The female incubates the clutch of two eggs for about 14 days and fledging occurs 22 to 23 days after hatch.<p>The sapphire-spangled emerald's song is "a repeated buzzy insect-like, high-pitched trill, tzee … tzitzitzee … tzitzitzee … tzitzitzee or tseeririri...tseeririri…. It also makes "tsip" and "chup" call notes.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Perija Brushfinch
Arremon perijanus
Handsome brushfinch found only in the Perijá Mountains along the Colombia-Venezuela border, well north of the main chain of the Andes. It’s black mask and breast band, white throat, striped head, and olive back make it easy to identify within its very limited range. Inhabits cloud forest understory, where it can be shy and hard to see. Often first detected by its high-pitched, squeaky song.
Tiny Hawk
Microspizias superciliosus
Well-named, this is truly a small hawk, although size can be difficult to judge. Look for fine barring on the underparts, darker cap, and relatively short tail. Adults are gray, juveniles warmer rufous. Lacks a conspicuous collar wrapping around the neck, as in Semicollared Hawk. Not frequently seen; often stays inside forests, where it hunts small birds. Sometimes perches at the forest edge. Almost always seen singly.
Silvery-cheeked Hornbill
Bycanistes brevis
Big, spectacular, black-and-white hornbill. Both sexes show a pale bill, with a large casque that is larger in males and smaller in females. In flight, the wings are mostly black with a small white patch below, and there are white corners to the tail. Found from low to high elevations in forest, and adjacent areas of lush woodland and cultivation. Usually in pairs or small groups. The loud calls are honking and yapping notes that are often given in a quick series. Similar to Black-and-white-casqued Hornbill, but has a paler bill, and much less white in the wings. Also reminiscent of Trumpeter Hornbill, but larger, with a bigger bill, and less white in the wings and on the belly.
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