Lesser Spotted Eagle
Clanga pomarina
Medium-sized, compact eagle. Adults are conspicuously two toned when perched: dark flight feathers contrast with paler body. Head and bill small for an eagle. Juveniles quite different, with bold white bars on the back, wings, and pale uppertail. Smaller and paler than the similar Greater Spotted Eagle. Look for the diagnostic double (not single) white "commas" on the wrist of the underwing. Normally found in open woodland or forest edges but can be found around low intensity farmland areas, sometimes perching prominently.
识别特征
This is a medium-sized eagle, about 60 cm (24 in) in length and with a wingspan of 150 cm (59 in). Its head and wing coverts are pale brown and contrast with the generally dark plumage. The head and bill are small for an eagle. Usually, a white patch occurs on the upper wings, and even adults retain a clearly marked white "V" on the rump; the wing markings are absent and the white "V" is not well-defined in the greater spotted eagle.<p>The juvenile has less contrast in the wings, but the remiges bear prominent white spots. It differs from greater spotted eagle juveniles by a lack of wing covert spotting and the presence of a cream-colored neck patch.<p>The call is a dog-like yip.
分类信息
The birds formerly considered to be the resident Indian subspecies are now considered a separate species, the Indian spotted eagle (Clanga hastata), quite distinct and readily separable by morphological, behavioral, ecological, and DNA sequence data. The European taxon is actually closer to the greater spotted eagle; their common ancestor seems to have diverged around the middle Pliocene, perhaps some 3.6 million years ago, from the ancestors of the Indian birds. The "proto-spotted eagle" probably lived in the general region of Afghanistan, being split into a northern and a southern lineage when both glaciers and deserts advanced in Central Asia as the last ice age began. The northern lineage subsequently separated into the eastern (greater) and western (lesser) species of today, probably around the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary not quite 2 million years ago.<p>The present species hybridizes occasionally with the greater spotted eagle. Hybrid birds are almost impossible to identify if not seen up close.
- 学名
- Clanga pomarina
- 命名信息
- (Brehm, CL, 1831)
- 目
- Accipitriformes
- 科
- Accipitridae
- 属
- Clanga
分布与栖息地
The lesser spotted eagle breeds in Central and Eastern Europe and southeastward to Turkey and Armenia; and winters in Africa. This is a very wary species of open or lightly wooded country, in which it hunts small mammals (especially voles, ground squirrels, rats, and mice) and similar terrestrial prey, such as small birds, amphibians, reptiles, and occasionally insects (including termites).[citation needed] It is known to occasionally feed on carrion.
- 繁殖区
- PAL : e Europe
- 非繁殖区
- AF
- 迁徙
- Complete migrants
行为
The lesser spotted eagle uses regularly spaced territories consistently between years in the north-western part of its distribution. The distances between territories vary across the region, although this was not found to be related to breeding success. Synchronous variation in breeding success across the region indicates that the eagles are instead influenced by large-scale factors such as fluctuations in climate or prey availability.The lesser spotted eagle lays one to three white, buff-spotted eggs in a tree nest. As usual for eagles, only in breeding seasons with very abundant prey does more than one young fledge, but the female starts incubating when the first egg has been laid, thus the first young to hatch usually outgrows its clutch mate(s) and will kill and even eat them sooner or later.[citation needed]
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
其他鸟类
Round-tailed Manakin
Ceratopipra chloromeros
Fairly large manakin of mature rainforest understory and midstory. Males are black with red head, yellow leg feathering, and a light eye; females are dull green with a variable yellow wash from the throat to the belly and undertail coverts and a dark eyel. Both sexes have a pale tan bill and rounded tail. Males most similar to Red-headed Manakin, which has a darker, usually orange eye (not white or pale gray) and red leg feathering (not yellow). Females distinguished from most other species by pale bill, and most similar to Red-headed and Golden-headed Manakins, which are slightly duller (not as bright yellow underneath) and have square (not rounded) tails. Listen for the male’s song, a sneezy “tsi-BRRT”.
Yellowish Imperial-Pigeon
Ducula subflavescens
Large pigeon, mostly yellowish-white with black wing feathers. Tip of the tail also black. Feeds on fruits, known to roost on islands and in mangroves. Forms small flocks, sometimes including other imperial-pigeons.
Rufous-crowned Sparrow
Aimophila ruficeps
Fairly large grayish-brown sparrow of scrubby, arid hillsides. Look for rufous crown, rufous stripe behind eye, thin white eyering, and white mustache bordered by black. Otherwise plain grayish below with no streaks. Found on or near the ground, especially on dry slopes with scattered shrubs. Often heard before it is seen, so listen for its song, a descending jumble of husky notes. Also gives a nasal call, often in a rapid series. Compare with Oaxaca Sparrow in Mexico.
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