Musician Wren
Cyphorhinus arada
An oddly-shaped wren famous for its unique song, which consists of rich, fluting notes intermixed with chirps and rattles. Ranges widely in lowland and foothill rainforest in northern South America, but not found west of the Andes. It is brown with a chestnut throat and breast, and dense barring on wings and tail. There is much regional variation; in parts of its range, it has white streaking on the neck, a white line behind the eye, and/or a whitish to pale bluish eyering. Found alone or in pairs that stay on or near the ground, and can be challenging to see. It is known as “Uirapuru” in Brazil, where it has been celebrated in music, poetry, and even legends.
识别特征
The musician wren is 12.5 cm (4.9 in) long and weighs 18 to 24 g (0.63 to 0.85 oz). The adult of the nominate subspecies has a rufous forehead and forecrown that darkens to chesnut brown to the rear. It has a narrow pale buff supercilium with narrower black borders, a chestnut brown stripe behind the eye, and orange-brown cheeks. It has a broad "collar" streaked black and white lengthwise on its nape and upper back. The lower back and rump are a colder reddish brown than the crown and the tail is medium brown with narrow darker brown bars. Its chin, throat, and upper chest are a bright orange-brown with a sharp change to the pale buff lower chest and upper belly. The flanks and lower belly are yellowish brown. The juvenile is similar but sometimes has faint barring on it lower belly.<p>C. a. griseolateralis has a thinner collar than the nominate and is grayer below. C. a. interpositus does not have the nominate's collar and its cheeks are brownish gray. C. a. transfluvialis is smaller and paler than the nominate. C. a. salvini also does not have the nominate's collar and is very dark overall. C. a. modulator is similar to transfluvialis but it has a broader supercilium and its upperparts are lighter.
分类信息
At one time the musician wren and the song wren (Cyphorhinus phaeocephalus) were considered conspecific. They, and possibly chestnut-breasted wren (C. thoracicus), form a superspecies.<p>The musician wren has the six recognized subspecies listed below. There are vocal and plumage differences among them, and one publication has proposed splitting all six into individual species.<p>The six subspecies are:
- 学名
- Cyphorhinus arada
- 命名信息
- (Hermann, 1783)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Troglodytidae
- 属
- Cyphorhinus
分布与栖息地
The subspecies of the musician wren are found thus:<p>The musician wren generally inhabits the lower levels of humid forest; in Brazil it is also found in várzea. In elevation in mostly ranges from sea level to 500 m (1,600 ft) but is found occasionally as high as 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and even, in Venezuela, to 1,400 m (4,600 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
Migration pattern: Resident species.
保护状况
Population trend: declining.
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Thick-billed Lark
Ramphocoris clotbey
Unmistakable large lark with a huge pale bill, dark-speckled cheek and breast, round cheek spot, and prominent white areas on the wing in flight. Males have more contrasting plumage than females. Favors flat arid deserts (stony and sandy deserts). Gives a plaintive, rising “weeet.”
Brazza's Martin
Phedinopsis brazzae
A typical martin with brown upperparts and pale underparts strongly marked with dark streaks. Juvenile is rustier, with a paler chin and throat, and is less boldly streaked below. Resident and restricted to forest-fringed rivers between south Congo and central Angola, breeding in small groups in sandbanks. Despite being fairly common, the species’ vocalizations are unknown. No other martins within its range are streaked below.
Long-tailed Fantail
Rhipidura opistherythra
A small brown songbird with a long tail, often held cocked or fanned. Upperparts largely rufous except for a grayer head with a pale brow. Shows a white throat and uniform buff underparts. Inhabits lowland forest and sometimes mangroves. Confined to the Tanimbar Islands. Told from Arafura Fantail by the lack of a white tip to the tail and the absence of a black breast patch. Gives a distinctive, repetitive, see-sawing two-note song phrase, “wee-oo-wee-oo-wee-oo,” rising on the first note, falling on the second. Also gives nasal jittering calls.
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