Red-crowned Woodpecker
Melanerpes rubricapillus
Medium-sized woodpecker found from Costa Rica to northern South America. Pale buffy overall with a red nape and belly and black-and-white barring on the back. Female has a pale crown with restricted red on the back of the nape; male has red extending to top of crown. Common in open woodlands, second growth, and gardens. Distinctive in range, but hybridizes extensively with Hoffmann’s Woodpecker on the Pacific slope in Costa Rica. Hybrids usually show orange nape and belly.
识别特征
The red-crowned woodpecker is 16 to 18.5 cm (6.3 to 7.3 in) long and weighs 40 to 65 g (1.4 to 2.3 oz). The sexes' plumage is alike except for their head pattern. Adult males of the nominate subspecies have a pale yellow to whitish forehead, a bright red crown, and an orange-red nape and hindneck. Adult females have the same pale yellow to whitish forehead but a pale gray-buff to whitish crown and a reddish to orange-red nape and hindneck. Both sexes' cheeks, chin, and throat are grayish-buff. Their mantle and back are barred black and white and the rump and uppertail coverts are unbarred white. Their flight feathers are black with white bars throughout. Their tail is black with white bars on the central and outermost pairs of feathers. Their underparts are variable but usually buffish-gray to gray-buff with an olive or yellowish wash and a reddish to orange-red patch on the central belly. Their lower flanks and undertail coverts have black bars. Their bill is longish and blackish, their iris is red to brown, the bare skin around the eye gray-brown, and the legs gray. Juveniles are duller and browner than adults, their nape and hindneck are paler, their upperparts' bars less contrasting, their underparts often lightly streaked, and their belly patch paler and somewhat mottled.<p>Subspecies M. r. subfusculus is slightly smaller than the nominate and has darker underparts whose breast and sides are deep gray-brown. M. r. seductus has a somewhat darker breast than the nominate and the female has more red on the nape. M. r. paraguanae has a paler yellow forehead than the nominate, a buff-brown nape and yellower hindneck, wider white bars on its upperside, and a golden-yellow belly patch.
分类信息
The red-crowned woodpecker has sometimes been placed in the genus Centurus. It has also sometimes been treated as conspecific with the Yucatan woodpecker (M. pygmaeus) and some authors consider them a superspecies. <p>The red-crowned woodpecker has these four subspecies:<p>The validity of subspecies M. r. paraguanae has been challenged, and some other subspecies have been proposed but not accepted as valid.
- 学名
- Melanerpes rubricapillus
- 命名信息
- (Cabanis, 1862)
- 目
- Piciformes
- 科
- Picidae
- 属
- Melanerpes
分布与栖息地
The subspecies of red-crowned woodpecker are found thus: <p>The red-crowned woodpecker inhabits a wide variety of landscapes, both wet and dry. These include the interior, clearings, and edges of mature deciduous forests, secondary forests, coastal scrublands, mangroves,plantations and gardens. In elevation, it mostly occurs from sea level to 1,700 m (5,600 ft) but reaches as high as 1,900 m (6,200 ft) in Venezuela.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The red-crowned woodpecker is a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The red-crowned woodpecker's diet includes a large amount of fruits and berries including cultivated ones like papayas and bananas. Another major portion is many types of insects and spiders, but fewer larvae of wood-boring beetles than many woodpeckers. It also takes nectar from flowers. The species forages at all levels of its habitat but favors the middle and lower strata. It is typically seen singly or in pairs. It feeds by probing, gleaning, and hammering for insects, and by reaching for fruit which it pierces or pecks open when too large to swallow whole. It will take fruit from feeders, and is "considered a nuisance locally in plantations and gardens because of its fruit-eating habits."<p>The red-crowned woodpecker's breeding season varies geographically, spanning February to July in Costa Rica and Panama, May to June in Colombia, May to November in Venezuela, and March to July in Tobago. It sometimes raises two broods in a year. Pairs stay together year-round. Both sexes excavate the nest hole, typically in a large tree trunk or branch or a large cactus; fence posts are also used. Nests are usually between 3 and 23 m (10 and 75 ft) above the ground. The clutch size is three or four eggs but usually only two young fledge. Both parents incubate the eggs for the 10-day period. Fledging occurs 31 to 33 days after hatch and both parents care for the nestlings, and also for fledglings for at least a month.<p>The red-crowned woodpecker's typical call is "often wavering and protracted with an abrupt terminal note, e.g. 'churr, churr, krr-r-r-r'." It also makes a "'wícka, wícka' in display" and "chattering calls". Both sexes drum during the breeding season and also tap more softly near the nest hole.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Jerdon's Babbler
Chrysomma altirostre
Warm brown babbler with a distinctive round-headed and short-billed profile. Extremely localized, restricted to disappearing patches of tall riverine grassland and reedbeds. Usually in pairs or small groups. Shy and skulking, typically best detected by its fluty, melodic song, but if seen well, note its gray face, pale throat, and golden “spectacles.”
Red-headed Fody
Foudia eminentissima
A sparrow-like weaver. Red-hooded breeding males are distinctive, but females and non-breeding males are drab. A Comoros endemic that is found in and adjacent to humid forest on the western three islands, and in drier, scrubby lowland habitats on Mayotte. Plumage varies across the different islands. The most distinctive birds, on Grand Comoro, have much less red on the breast than other populations. Can be very similar to Red Fody. Breeding male Red-headed Fody lacks red on the back and belly, though molting male Red Fody can match this pattern. Females and non-breeding males very similar to Red Fody, but Red-headed Fody is larger, darker, and more greenish, with a longer, slightly curved bill. Also similar to female House Sparrow, but distinguished by the more olive-green coloration and the longer bill. Calls are high, silvery notes, given in long series as a song.
Long-tailed Fantail
Rhipidura opistherythra
A small brown songbird with a long tail, often held cocked or fanned. Upperparts largely rufous except for a grayer head with a pale brow. Shows a white throat and uniform buff underparts. Inhabits lowland forest and sometimes mangroves. Confined to the Tanimbar Islands. Told from Arafura Fantail by the lack of a white tip to the tail and the absence of a black breast patch. Gives a distinctive, repetitive, see-sawing two-note song phrase, “wee-oo-wee-oo-wee-oo,” rising on the first note, falling on the second. Also gives nasal jittering calls.
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