Cinnamon-throated Hermit
Phaethornis nattereri
Tiny hummingbird with a curved bill. Easily confused with other hermits, but note the cinnamon tinge to the underparts and the white-tipped central tail feathers. The Maranhao Hermit subspecies, considered by some authorities as a separate species, is a richer cinnamon color. Inhabits the interior of dry forest zones, including gallery forest, second growth, savanna, and caatinga woodland.
识别特征
The cinnamon-throated hermit is about 10 cm (3.9 in) long and weighs 2.3 to 3 g (0.08 to 0.11 oz). Males have brownish upperparts, green wings, and tawny underparts. Their inner pair of tail feathers are long and white tipped. Both sexes have a black "mask" with a pale supercilium and malar stripe. Females are similar to the male but with a paler throat and longer central tail feathers.
分类信息
The taxonomy of the cinnamon-throated hermit is unsettled. Birds called Maranhao hermit are sometimes treated as a subspecies of the cinnamon-throated hermit, but at present major taxonomic systems follow the analyses by Hinkelmann that determined it is the male plumage of P. nattereri. However, the "Maranhao" hermit only occurs in the separate northern part of the range of P. nattereri, and as it appears to have different vocalizations from those of the other population it might warrant recognition as a distinct species, P. maranhaoensis. Molecular studies are needed to confirm or deny that assignment. As currently understood, the cinnamon-throated hermit is monotypic.
- 学名
- Phaethornis nattereri
- 命名信息
- Berlepsch, 1887
- 目
- Caprimulgiformes
- 科
- Trochilidae
- 属
- Phaethornis
分布与栖息地
The cinnamon-throated hermit is known from two separate areas. One includes eastern Bolivia and the adjacent Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Rondônia. The other is in northeastern Brazil, mostly in the states of Maranhão, Piauí, and Ceará, and in Pará and Tocantins as well. It is speculated to also inhabit the broad region between the two known areas. The proposed "Maranhao" hermit is found in the northeastern area. The species inhabits several non-rainforest landscapes including semi-deciduous, secondary, and gallery forests, cerrado, and caatinga. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 500 m (1,600 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The cinnamon-throated hermit is believed to be sedentary.<p>The cinnamon-throated hermit is a "trap-line" feeder like other hermit hummingbirds, visiting a circuit of flowering plants for nectar. It also consumes small arthropods.<p>Little is known about the cinnamon-throated hermit's breeding phenology. Its nest is reported to be suspended below a drooping leaf. The ""Maranhao" hermit breeds between November and April.<p>The cinnamon-throated hermit's song is "a high-pitched phrase repeated incessantly without pauses between phrases...e.g. 'tsee ... tsee ... tsee ... nya-ka-wee'."
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Common Snipe
Gallinago gallinago
Squat, cryptically-plumaged shorebird with a very long bill. Inhabits a wide range of wetland habitats, from damp meadows to saltmarshes. Mostly inconspicuous, feeding in muddy ground by probing with its bill, usually near reeds or other grassy cover. Often not seen until flushed, when it usually rises from fairly close range with a rough rasping call. Breeding birds are more conspicuous, perching on fence posts. In display flight, birds stoop from high overhead and produce a pulsating, bleating sound from air passing through their fanned tail. In Asia, beware of extremely similar Pin-tailed, Swinhoe's, and Latham's Snipes, all of which lack the white trailing edge of Common and have a slower, less erratic flight.
White-headed Woodhoopoe
Phoeniculus bollei
Odd, long-tailed, slender-billed bird. There is some geographical variation, but the face always shows some white, except in juvenile birds. Note the red bill and legs. Found in humid forest. Always in groups, usually of 5-10 members. The distinctive call is a quick, dry rattling, given by a whole group in chorus. Similar to Forest Woodhoopoe, but easily separated by the red bill and legs. Separated from scimitarbills by the white face and the less curved bill.
Philippine Dwarf-Kingfisher
Ceyx melanurus
A tiny kingfisher of lowland forests, often near streams. Overall orange, brighter on the underparts and face, with bright red bill and legs, a white throat, belly, and mark behind the cheek, and black stripes down the side of the back. Note the pinkish-purple tinge to the head and chest. Birds on Luzon have a darker wing and a bluish ear. Somewhat similar to Dimorphic Dwarf-Kingfisher, especially when seen from the front or below, but Philippine lacks the bright blue head and back. Voice is a rather sharp, high-pitched note, “tsreek.”
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