Long-billed Curlew
Numenius americanus
Huge shorebird with incredibly long, decurved bill. Buffy overall with brighter cinnamon wings, especially obvious in flight. Occurs in open fields, marshes, and beaches in western North America; can be seen singly or in flocks. Exceptional bill length and shape usually rules out other large shorebirds like Marbled Godwit or Whimbrel, although note that juveniles (especially males) have shorter bills than adults. Also note lack of dark head stripes and blue-gray legs. Listen for “cur-lee!” call.
识别特征
The long-billed curlew is the largest sandpiper of regular occurrence in North America. It is 50–65 cm (20–26 in) long, .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}62–90 cm (24+1⁄2–35+1⁄2 in) across the wing and weighs 490–950 g (1 lb 1+1⁄2 oz – 2 lb 1+1⁄2 oz). Its disproportionally long bill curves downward and measures 11.3–21.9 cm (4+1⁄2–8+5⁄8 in), and rivals the bill of the larger-bodied Far Eastern curlew as the longest bill of any shorebird. Individuals have a long neck and a small head. The neck and underparts are a light cinnamon in color, while the crown is streaked with brown. This species exhibits reversed sexual dimorphism, as in many sandpipers, the female being larger and having a much longer bill than the male's.
分类信息
- 学名
- Numenius americanus
- 命名信息
- Bechstein, 1812
- 目
- Charadriiformes
- 科
- Scolopacidae
- 属
- Numenius
分布与栖息地
- 繁殖区
- NA : inland grassland of temperate wc North America: s British Columbia e to sw Saskatchewan (sw, sc Canada) and s to ne California, ne New Mexico and nw Nebraska (sw, wc USA)
- 非繁殖区
- coastal and inland s USA, Mexico, and w Central America: California, coastal se USA, coastal and inland Mexico to c Panama (e North Pacific) and to w Yucatan Pen. (e Mexico; w North Atlantic)
- 迁徙
- Complete migrants
保护状况
The population was significantly reduced at the end of the 19th century by hunting, though numbers have rebounded somewhat in more-recent times. The species was formerly classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN, but new research has confirmed that the long-billed curlew is again common and widespread. Consequently, it has been downlisted to Least Concern status in 2008.<p>Candlestick Point in San Francisco was named after this indigenous bird, and subsequently Candlestick Park stadium inherited the name. The species had dramatically declined in the San Francisco area by the early 20th century already, being "practically extinct" in San Mateo County in 1916. By the time the stadium was constructed in the 1950s, there was no remnant of the huge, local flocks of "candlestick birds" left.<p>The long-billed curlew was also formerly a plentiful wintering bird on the East Coast of the United States, and John James Audubon's painting of the species was in fact of individuals he sighted near Charleston, South Carolina. However, market hunting and breeding habitat loss nearly wiped out this population, and presently only a small "ghost" or relict population of less than a hundred birds still winters on the East Coast, and this population has yet to recover. It is possible that this wintering population may have consisted largely of now-extirpated birds that bred on the eastern Great Plains, and the disappearance of those birds may tie in to the near disappearance of the Atlantic wintering population, with the present Atlantic wintering population being the descendants of the last survivors of the eastern Great Plains breeders. In December 2015, one such "ghost bird" was successfully captured off the coast of Georgia and fitted with a satellite tag with plans to analyze its migration routes, with it taking flight in April 2016.
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Lesser White-fronted Goose
Anser erythropus
Generally uncommon medium-sized goose. Dark chocolate brown with a white forehead and bubblegum-pink bill. Similar to Greater White-fronted Goose: Lesser is slightly smaller and shorter-necked with a rather small, stubby bill, a distinct but narrow yellow eyering, and a more extensive white forehead. Usually seen as singles or small groups among flocks of other geese. Breeds in scrubby tundra and winters in agricultural fields, saltmarshes, and drier areas adjacent to wetlands. Gives high squeaks, often while in flight.
Polynesian Starling
Aplonis tabuensis
A small to medium-sized starling, dark above and pale below with long buffy or gray streaks. Note the distinctive pale or white wing panel. Usually has a pale eye, but eye is dark in eastern Fiji and south Tonga. Common in all habitats. Samoan Starling is much larger and more uniformly dark, lacking a pale wing panel. Rusty-winged Starling is paler above with a dark eye and no pale wing panel. Polynesian’s most common call is a high-pitched repetitive “twee-wee.”
Red-legged Partridge
Alectoris rufa
Distinctive gamebird of farmland, grassy fields, and open heathland. Seen mainly as pairs and small groups, often along the edges of fields. Plumage is ornate and handsome, with a red bill, white throat, black streaked necklace, boldly barred flanks, and buffy belly. Other similar species (such as Chukar) do not overlap in native range, but can escape from collections or be introduced for hunting; all lack the diagnostic black-streaked necklace of Red-legged. Song is a dry, rasping “wa-cha-cha-wa-cha-cha” or “wi’ch-ch’ch.”
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