Black-faced Spoonbill

识别特征

Large white waterbird with a long spatula-shaped bill. Breeding adults have long plumes on the head and a smudging of yellow on the chest. The extensive black facial skin distinguishes this species from the Eurasian Spoonbill, the only other spoonbill in range. Often gathers in large flocks, occasionally mixing with Eurasians. Forages in mudflats, estuaries, lakes, and large marshes, sieving out aquatic invertebrates from the water, often in a side-to-side motion.

分类信息

A study of mitochondrial DNA of the spoonbills found that the black-faced and royal spoonbills were each other's closest relatives. Out of the six Platalea species within the family Threskiornithidae, the black-faced spoonbill is the rarest.

学名

Platalea minor

命名信息

Temminck & Schlegel, 1850

目

Pelecaniformes

科

Threskiornithidae

属

Platalea

分布与栖息地

The global population of this species, is likely based on the winter population count which was carried out in 1988–1990 in all known sites. This count estimated about only 288 individuals. As of 2006, following sustained conservation efforts, the estimated global population had increased to 1,679; the 2008 census resulted in an estimated total count of 2,065 individuals [1]; and a 2010 census reported 2,346 [2]. The known localised population of North Korea is not known to exceed 30 birds. However, there is believed to be another, so far undiscovered colony which provides regional population stability and it is assumed to be probably located in north-east China; for example, on the islands of Liaoning (near the Korean nesting zone).<p>As black-faced spoonbills are migratory birds, their conservation is based on the protection of their breeding, "stop-over" and wintering grounds, making conservation efforts complex. However, spoonbills are able to adapt to disturbances of large-scale. The exact distribution of the species remains unclear, although some attempts at modelling population developments under climate change impacts have been made.

繁殖区

PAL : ne Russia, Korean Pen. and ne China

非繁殖区

mainly n Vietnam, s China and Taiwan

迁徙

Complete migrants

保护状况

The bird is a protected species in China as part of the China Red Data Book; its stopover site at Jiuduansha off Shanghai is a national nature preserve. In Hong Kong, it is a protected species under Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 200. In Mai Po Marshes, a quarter of the world's population of black-faced spoonbill can be found during migration.<p>The species is reasonably well protected in North Korea, where their nesting islands off the coast were declared a Zone of Protection with restricted access, thus there is some degree of stability in the breeding areas. There remain nevertheless several threats, mainly in the wintering zones. The need for land to assign to industry is great in the wintering sites in Taiwan, whereas those in Vietnam are being converted for shrimp breeding, though they are within a reserve subject to the Ramsar Convention.<p>During the winter months, over half of the black-faced spoonbill population migrates to the Chiku Wetland in southwestern Taiwan. The birds are incapable of catching large fish; therefore many of them rely on the largescale mullets to feed off of in the winter months spent in the wetlands. These mullets however have recently become endangered due to the increase of spoonbill population who spend the winter months there (minimum of 191 birds in 1991/1992 up to a minimum of 840 in 2004/2005). Conservation of the largescale mullet is imperative in order to continue to sustain the endangered black-faced spoonbills.<p>In Hong Kong, disturbances by fishermen and shell gatherers often prevent the birds from feeding at low tide. In addition, with the continued expansion of human populations in the Far East, pollution will probably become an important problem. Disease has the ability to devastate the black-face spoonbills as well. In the winter of 2002/2003, 73 of the population died due to avian botulism. It may be necessary to establish additional protective areas or reserves in order to not let the population of birds to succumb to disease.<p>The black-faced spoonbill is legally recognized as natural monument #205 and a first-class endangered species in South Korea

种群趋势

rising