Orange-chinned Parakeet
Brotogeris jugularis
Small, fast-flying parakeet of humid lowlands; restricted to the Pacific slope in the northern parts of its range. Favors forest patches and fairly open country with hedges and tall trees, including towns and villages. Usually seen in pairs or small flocks; associates readily at fruiting and flowering trees with much larger and longer-tailed Orange-fronted Parakeet. Flight is distinctively bounding, not direct like larger parakeets. Plumage is green overall with bronzy shoulders; small orange chin patch is very hard to see.
识别特征
The orange-chinned parakeet is 18 to 19 cm (7.1 to 7.5 in) long and weighs between 53 and 65 g (1.9 and 2.3 oz). Adults of the nominate subspecies have a bright green head with a bluish wash on the crown, a white eye ring, an orange chin, and a pale bill. The chin patch is often hard to see. Their upperparts and tail are bluish green with brown wing coverts that show as "shoulders" when perched. Their underparts are mostly bright green with bluish vent and thighs. Their underwing coverts are yellow. Immature birds are similar to adults. Subspecies B. j. exsul has entirely green underparts and a smaller and paler orange chin patch, darker "shoulders", and more olive in the mantle than the nominate.
分类信息
The orange-chinned parakeet has two subspecies, the nominate B. j. jugularis (Müller, 1776) and B. j. exsul (Todd, 1917). Another subspecies, B. j. apurensis, has been proposed as separate from exsul but that treatment has not been accepted. The orange-chinned and the grey-cheeked parakeet (B. pyrrhotera) are sister species.
- 学名
- Brotogeris jugularis
- 命名信息
- (Müller, PLS, 1776)
- 目
- Psittaciformes
- 科
- Psittacidae
- 属
- Brotogeris
分布与栖息地
The nominate subspecies of the orange-chinned parakeet has by far the larger range. It is found from the southwestern Mexican state of Oaxaca south mostly along the Pacific side of Central America through western, central, and northern Colombia into northwestern Venezuela. Subspecies B. j. exsul is found in northeastern Colombia's Arauca Department and northern and western Venezuela as far as Guárico. The species inhabits semi-open to open landscapes including Llanos, deciduous woodland, secondary and gallery forest, plantations, and treed parts of towns. It shuns evergreen forest. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,400 m (4,600 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The orange-chinned parakeet is generally sedentary, but at least in El Salvador wanders locally after the breeding season. It is usually seen in pairs or small flocks. <p>The orange-chinned parakeet often forages with the larger orange-fronted parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis). It feeds on a wide variety of foods, primarily fruits and seeds but also flowers, herbs, nectar, insects, and algae. It can damage cultivated fruit. Like many other parrots, it feeds on mineral-rich soil.<p>The orange-chinned parakeet's breeding season spans from January to April. It nests in an old woodpecker hole, a natural cavity, or in a hole it excavates in an arboreal termite nest. Communal nesting in a large rotten snag has been observed. The typical clutch size is four to seven eggs. In captivity the incubation period is about 21 to 26 days and fledging occurs about two to three weeks after hatch.<p>The orange-chinned parakeet's common calls are "a high-pitched “klee”, shrill “chree” or bisyllabic “chree-chree”" that are given when perched or in flight. It also makes "a fast chattering series “cra-cra-cra-cra-cra”." It makes "a near constant, shrill, harsh chatter."
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
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Asthenes maculicauda
Streaky brown bird found in grassy areas at very high elevations in the Andes above treeline. Its unstreaked chestnut forecrown, plain throat, and dark markings in the tail help to separate it from other canasteros. Habitat is also a good clue, as it prefers tall bunchgrass and avoids heavily grazed areas. Song is a buzzy, accelerating trill similar to other canasteros. Its rising “sue-wheat” call is more useful for identification.
Everett's Thrush
Zoothera everetti
Found only on a handful of high mountains in northern Borneo, this scarce, sought-after thrush is shy and rarely seen. Note orange underparts, slate-gray back, and brownish head with a blotchy, “untidy” face pattern. Most reliably found in montane forests with dense undergrowth, where it forages on the ground. Vocalizations seldom heard and not well understood; calls include a sharp “deeer” and frantic harsh alarm notes.
Hill Swallow
Hirundo domicola
A small dark blue-black swallow with rufous-chestnut on its face and a short tail. Except for a black triangular eye-stripe extending to the bill, the entire forehead, chin, throat, and upper breast are rufous-chestnut, without any dark necklace like that of Barn Swallow, the main confusion species. Hill Swallow’s dark upperparts have a blue-green sheen that is only visible when seen up close, while the underparts are dingy white with ashy-gray on the flanks. Juveniles have duller chestnut on the face. Mainly inhabits open areas such as grasslands, reservoirs, and tea estates in the high hills above 500 meters of elevation; very rare at lower elevations. Often seen wheeling and looping in the air after insects, with a swift flight action reminiscent of a Barn Swallow with a shorter tail.
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