Bolivian Spinetail
Cranioleuca henricae
Large arboreal spinetail restricted to the upper Cotacajes river valley in NW Bolivia, where primarily known from the Inquisivi area in open woodland near treeline. From the similar Ash-browed Spinetail by whitish breast and pale nape. Song a very high, accelerating series of about 20 squeaks given over ~1.5 seconds that drops slightly in pitch over the course of the song.
识别特征
The Bolivian spinetail is 14.5 to 15 cm (5.7 to 5.9 in) long. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a white supercilium and dirty white lores with black tips on an otherwise gray face. Their crown is rufous with buff and gray speckles on the forecrown. Their nape and back are light brownish olive, their rump tawny olive, and their uppertail coverts cinnamon brown. Their tail is rufous with a faint dusky wash on the innermost pair of feathers. Their wings are rufous with grayish brown inner webs on the primary coverts and fuscous tips to the flight feathers. Their chin and upper throat are dirty white and the rest of their underparts are light grayish olive with a faint buff tinge. Their iris is warm brown, their bill pink with a sooty tip to the mandible, and their legs and feet olive yellow or olivaceous. What is thought to be a juvenile had a crown the same color as the adult's back and a less distinct supercilium.
分类信息
The Bolivian spinetail was discovered in 1993 near Inquisivi, in the department of La Paz, and formally described in 1997. Maijer and Fjeldså hypothesized that it is related to the line-cheeked spinetail (C. antisiensis), creamy-crested spinetail (C. albicapilla), olive spinetail (C. obsoleta), pallid spinetail (C. pallida), and stripe-crowned spinetail (C. pyrrhophia). Later phylogenetic data confirmed that all of these except the line-cheeked are closely related to the Bolivian spinetail.<p>The Bolivian spinetail is monotypic.
- 学名
- Cranioleuca henricae
- 命名信息
- Maijer & Fjeldså, 1997
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Cranioleuca
分布与栖息地
The Bolivian spinetail is found only in a few valleys in Bolivia's northern and central Andes. Documented and sight records have come from a few locations in the departments of La Paz and Cochabamba. It inhabits deciduous forest, sometimes with columnar cacti and low bushes, and sometimes epiphytic lichens and Tillandsia on the trees. In elevation it is known to range between 1,600 and 2,300 m (5,200 and 7,500 ft) and might occur as high as 3,300 m (10,800 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The Bolivian spinetail is a year-round resident in its range.<p>The Bolivian spinetail feeds on arthropods but details are lacking. During the breeding season it apparently forages in pairs and joins mixed-species feeding flocks in other seasons. It typically forages in the forest's lower levels, between 1 and 4 m (3 and 13 ft) above the ground, gleaning prey from bark and foliage.<p>Nothing is known about the Bolivian spinetail's breeding biology except that what was thought to be a juvenile was seen in January.<p>The Bolivian spinetail's "short song" is "a bouncy, accelerating and descending series, lasting from 1 s to 2.5 s, rarely up to 3.8 s". Its "long song" is an "irregular and fast series ... from 3.5-13.5 s. Most songs wind up and down in pitch but with an overall tendency to descend". Its calls are "single notes, double or triple notes, or as a short churr".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Cape Grassbird
Sphenoeacus afer
A chunky, streak-backed warbler with a rusty head and wings, a ragged rufous tail, and black moustache stripes. It avoids woodland and trees, preferring rank areas with long grass, scrubby edge, and wet heathland (fynbos). It hops and clambers through dense brush and thickets, then flies low on rapidly-beating wings in labored flight to the next bush, immediately diving into cover. But it will also perch on prominent tall shrubs, like proteas, and sing its melodious tinkling jumbled song that starts softly and gets progressively louder. It also has a distinctive flat mewing “meeeeep” call. The Moustached Grass-Warbler is similar to the Cape Grassbird, but it has a plain unstreaked back, a broad black tail, and a pale eye.
Bar-tailed Godwit
Limosa lapponica
Gangly wader with a long bicolored bill. Breeding plumage is dark brick-red below (male) or pale orangey (female); nonbreeding plumage is overall gray-brown with white belly; compare to Black-tailed Godwit. In flight shows rather plain upperwings with only a faint whitish wing stripe; white rump and finely barred tail. Mainly coastal away from tundra breeding grounds. Often in flocks feeding on mudflats and in brackish coastal lagoons, roosting in adjacent freshwater habitats. Feeds by probing its long bill into the mud.
Usambara Akalat
Sheppardia montana
A rather small, demure understory denizen resembling a cross between a robin and a flycatcher. Mostly dull brownish-olive with a rusty rump and tail, a paler throat, and a distinctive pale patch between the eye and bill. In display, may reveal a rufous spot near the eye. Juvenile is more mottled. A local and endangered bird found singly and in pairs in thick undergrowth of primary and secondary montane forest in a narrow range along the West Usambara mountains between 1600 and 2300 meters of elevation. Sits for long periods, sallying to catch insect prey, or forages on the ground, often in the company of ants and other ant-following birds. Sings a medley of up-and-down high-pitched whistles that is sweet without being tuneful. Alarm call is a grating “drrrzzt, drrrt, drrrt.” May be mistaken for a flycatcher, but its furtive nature and preference for thick understory are unique within its range.
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