Tyrannine Woodcreeper
Dendrocincla tyrannina
Fairly large woodcreeper found in the subtropical zone in the Andes from Colombia to Peru. Very plain warm brown with few markings, save for some vague paler streaking on the head and throat. Rather long, straight bill. All other woodcreepers found at similar elevations have much more streaking. Compare with Plain-brown, which is found at lower elevations. Uncommon in montane forest, usually following a mixed-species flock.
识别特征
The tyrannine woodcreeper is rather larger and heavier than most others of its genus. It is 23 to 26.5 cm (9.1 to 10 in) long and weighs 40 to 64 g (1.4 to 2.3 oz). The sexes have the same plumage, though males average heavier than females. The nominate subspecies mostly warm brown, with a paler throat, faint buff streaks on its forecrown and behind the eye, and a rufescent cast to the wings and tail. Subspecies D. t. hellmayri is a more olive-brown than the nominate, and has less rufescent wings and tail. Both subspecies have a brown to bluish gray iris and gray to blackish legs and feet. Their large bill has a brownish gray to black maxilla and a brownish to bluish gray mandible.
分类信息
The tyrannine woodcreeper has two subspecies, the nominate D. t. tyrannina (Lafresnaye, 1851) and D. t. hellmayri (Cory, 1913).
- 学名
- Dendrocincla tyrannina
- 命名信息
- (Lafresnaye, 1851)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Dendrocolaptidae
- 属
- Dendrocincla
分布与栖息地
The nominate subspecies of the tyrannine woodcreeper is found in Colombia's Western and Central Andes and south on both slopes of the Andes through Ecuador and Peru and slightly into Bolivia. D. t. hellmayri is found on the eastern slope of Colombia's Eastern Andes and in adjacent western Venezuela. The species inhabits humid temperate, subtropical, and tropical montane forest. It favors the interior of primary forest though it also occurs at the edges and in mature secondary forest. It only rarely occurs in clearings. In elevation it ranges between 1,800 and 2,300 m (5,900 and 7,500 ft) in Venezuela. In Colombia it mostly ranges between 1,500 and 3,000 m (4,900 and 9,800 ft) but occurs as low as 720 m (2,400 ft) in the southwest of the country. In Ecuador it ranges between 1,400 and 3,100 m (4,600 and 10,200 ft) but is most common between 1,800 and 2,700 m (5,900 and 8,900 ft). In central Peru it has been documented between 1,310 and 2,225 m (4,300 and 7,300 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The tyrannine woodcreeper is a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The tyrannine woodcreeper's diet has not been detailed but is assumed to be mostly insects. Itusually forages singly though it does join mixed-species feeding flocks. It hitches itself up trunks and along branches from which it makes brief sallies to catch prey in the air; it seldom takes prey directly from the substrate. It seldom follows army ant swarms. It typically feeds fairly low in the forest, between 2 and 15 m (7 and 49 ft) above the ground.<p>Little is known about the tyrannine woodcreeper's breeding biology. It tends to be solitary which suggests that it does not form long-term pair bonds. It nests in a tree cavity with some soft material piled in the bottom; one nest in Ecuador had a single egg. Fledging occurs at least 29 days after hatch. The incubation period and details of parental care are not known.<p>The tyrannine woodcreeper typically sings from the subcanopy of a ridgetop tree. Its song is "a long stuttered rattle that gradually increases in pitch and volume before trailing off and slowing toward [the] end". Its call is "a fast phrase of 3-6 sharp abrupt notes, e.g., 'di-di-di-di-dik!' ". It also makes "a hollow, whistled 'que-up'."
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Barred Fruiteater
Pipreola arcuata
Chunky, short-tailed, flat-headed bird patterned in green and black. Male has black head and breast, pale yellow belly with bold dark barring, and mossy green upperparts with bold pale spotting on the wing. Female is similar but has a green head with barring all the way up the throat. On both sexes, note red bill and legs and pale eye varying from orange to gray to whitish. Fairly common in stunted forested habitats in the upper subtropical and temperate zone in the Andes. Sluggish; perches quietly in the middle levels of the forest, sometimes following a mixed-species flock. May be seen singly or in pairs, but several can gather around a fruiting tree. Listen for super high-pitched calls.
Bachman's Sparrow
Peucaea aestivalis
Rare and declining sparrow found in longleaf pine woodlands with grassy or brushy undergrowth. Usually quite secretive. Look for unstreaked grayish-tan underparts, rufous and gray pattern on back and wings, and rufous cap and eyeline. Similar to Cassin's and Botteri's Sparrow but no range or habitat overlap. Population west of Mississippi River brighter buffy below. Usually found singly. Easiest to detect when singing; listen for two-parted song, a thin whistle followed by a musical junco-like trill. Subsequent phrases usually differ in pitch.
Olive Flyrobin
Kempiella flavovirescens
A small bird of lowland and foothill forest midstory. Olive upperparts, yellowish-olive below and brighter yellow throat. Note the split yellow eye-ring and bicolored bill, black above and orange below. Similar to Yellow-legged Flycatcher but Olive Flyrobin has a yellow rather than white throat. Also similar to Lemon-bellied Flycatcher but Olive Flyrobin has a distinct eye-ring and is found in forest rather than savanna. Voice, and up-and-down, medium-pitch, whistled song and a thin “tseep” call.
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