Bare-throated Bellbird
Procnias nudicollis
Males are unmistakable snow-white cotingas with a greeny-blue bare face and throat. Females are olive-green above with a streaked belly and gray-brown head. The song is a metallic, explosive and massively loud “boink” delivered from high perches in the canopy of humid forests.
分类信息
- 学名
- Procnias nudicollis
- 命名信息
- (Vieillot, 1817)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Cotingidae
- 属
- Procnias
分布与栖息地
The bare-throated bellbird is native to Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Whereas it is common in the former two countries, it is rare in Argentina. In 2017, less than 250 mature individuals were estimated to exist in Argentina.<p>Unlike many other cotingids, they migrate seasonally to different altitudes in Paraguay and east Brazil based on fruit production and the age class of the migrating individuals. Some evidence suggests they are also migratory in south-east Brazil and nearby parts of Paraguay, and that they only visit Argentina.<p>Their natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. The bare-throated bellbird prefers primary forests, but may also be present in secondary forests with fruit trees, as well as abandoned rubber groves.<p>Despite its vulnerable status, a juvenile male has been photographed in 2007 foraging in one of the campuses of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, an unusual urban setting located on an artificial island in the vicinity of the heavily polluted Guanabara Bay. Another specimen was previously spotted in 2005 at the Ibirapuera Park in São Paulo.<p>Cotingids like P. nudicollis spend a relatively short time foraging due to their frugivory, or fruit-based, diet since fruits do not move as insects do, and so spend plenty of their time preening and idling, as well as singing during their reproductive period.<p>As a frugivory species, P. nudicollis disperses seeds for the plants it consumes in the Atlantic rainforest ecosystem, such as the Euterpe edulis.<p>It consumes fruits from plants of the Arecaceae, Myrtaceae, Myrcinaceae, Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Apocynaceae, Sapindaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae, Burseraceae, Malpighiaceae, Celastraceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Araliaceae and Liliaceae families. The width of their gape enables them to swallow fruits whole, then regurgitate large seeds.<p>Although adult members of the bellbird species have only been observed eating fruit, snails have also been recorded in the stomach of a P. nudicollis specimen of unknown sex. These are theorized to have been consumed as source of calcium for egg-laying females, as snails are consumed for this reason by the scaled fruiteater, also of the Cotingidae family.<p>Although P. nudicollis' mating practices haven't been observed as closely as its relative, the bearded bellbird, they are likely similar.<p>The male P. nudicollis produces its loud call while it perches on a high branch in order to attract a mate. Their breeding season lasts from September to February.
- 迁徙
- Vertical migration
保护状况
P. nudicollis is listed in Brazil as Near Endangered, where it has been found in the protected areas of Intervales State Park, Pico do Marumbi State Park, Irati National Forest, Capão Bonito National Forest and Guapiaçu Private Ecological Reserve. Reforestation efforts of a Reserva Ecologica Michelin abandoned rubber plantation in Bahia may expand their territory.<p>Furthermore, it is listed in Argentina and Paraguay as Endangered. P. nudicollis has been found in the Paraguayan protected area of Reserva Natural del Bosque Mbaracayú, around which it is featured in high school student outreach campaigns. It has also been found in Argentinian protected areas of Iguazú National Park, Reserva de Biosfera Yaboty, Reserva de uso Multiple Guarani and Reserva Natural Cultural Papel Misionero, although it may only be present in Argentina during migration.<p>P. nudicollis is threatened by habitat loss through agricultural conversion and deforestation. Only 10% of its historical range within six Brazilian coastal states, from Bahia to Paraná, remaining after deforestation. Other emergent threats involve urbanization, industrialization, and road-building.<p>P. nudicollis is also threatened by heavy poaching for cagebirds. It is the only cotingid widely kept as a cagebird, popular in Brazil.<p>Trapping pressure has been most significant in Brazil's southern Bahia, São Paulo and Santa Catarina, as well as in Paraguay for sale in its capital city of Asunción.
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Golden Pheasant
Chrysolophus pictus
Shy and surprisingly difficult to find in mixed and conifer woodland, where it runs quickly from detected disturbance. Red-and-gold male stunning and unmistakable. Female differs from Common Pheasant in strongly barred plumage, dull pinkish (not gray) legs and feet and from Lady Amherst’s Pheasant in lighter barring, more orangeish coloration, and the lack of a bare patch of gray skin behind the eye. Native to China but introduced very locally in Britain and Hawaii; however, captive birds might escape anywhere.
Slender-billed White-eye
Zosterops tenuirostris
Endemic to Norfolk Island, where occurs alongside the similar Silvereye. Slender-billed is slightly larger, with a longer, thinner bill and plainer plumage, lacking the buff flanks of Silverye. Common throughout the island, where prefers forested areas but can also be found in edge habitats.
Greater Coucal
Centropus sinensis
A large bird that resembles a cross between a crow and a pheasant. Largely black with distinctive rusty wings, glossy underparts, a long and heavy black tail, and deep red eyes. Juveniles are much duller with white bars on the tail and underparts and variable amounts of black streaks on the wings and upperparts. Common across a range of habitats except very dense forests. Similar to Lesser Coucal, but Greater Coucal is larger with a longer bill and red eyes. Adult Greater Coucals also lack the white streaks on the wings seen on Lesser Coucal. The call is a series of deep, resonant “oop-oop-oop” notes.
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