Black Bulbul
Hypsipetes leucocephalus
Medium-sized songbird with predominantly dark plumage, a very short crest, and crimson bill and legs. Long tail and bill impart an elongated appearance. Head color varies considerably across distribution, ranging from white to dark gray to black. Often travels in large flocks, which move noisily between fruiting trees. Most commonly found in broadleaf evergreen and mixed deciduous forests but also regularly visits gardens and lowland forests. Extremely noisy, with a huge repertoire, emitting various squeaks, meows, chatters, whistles, and more.
识别特征
The black bulbul is 24–25 cm (9.4–9.8 in) in length, with a long tail. The body plumage ranges from slate grey to shimmering black, depending on the race. The beak, legs, and feet are all orange and the head has a black fluffy crest. Sexes are similar in plumage, but young birds lack the crest, have whitish underparts with a grey breast band, and have a brown tint to the upperparts. They have a black streak behind the eye and on the ear coverts. Although males and females are indistinguishable to the human eye, there are significant differences in the ultraviolet reflectivity of the plumage making them readily distinguishable to the bulbuls themselves.<p>They can be quite noisy, making various loud cheeping, mewing and grating calls. The Himalayan form has been reported to make a call resembling a goat kid, throwing back its neck when calling.
分类信息
The black bulbul was formally described in 1789 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with the thrushes in the genus Turdus and coined the binomial name Turdus leucocephalus. Gmelin based his account on "Le Merle Dominiquain de la Chine", a white-headed morph from China that had been described in 1782 by the French naturalist Pierre Sonnerat. The type locality was subsequently restricted to Guangzhou (formerly Canton) in China. The black bulbul is now one of 19 species placed in the genus Hypsipetes that was introduced in 1831 by the Irish zoologist Nicholas Vigors. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek hupsi meaning "high" with petēs meaning "-flyer". The specific epithet leucocephalus is from Ancient Greek leukokephalos meaning "white-headed" (from leukos "white" and -kephalos "-headed"). The black bulbul was formerly considered to be conspecific with the Malagasy bulbul. The common name "black bulbul" is also used as an alternate name for the Malagasy bulbul. Formerly, the square-tailed bulbul was also classified as two subspecies of the black bulbul.<p>Ten subspecies are currently recognized, although the reproductive isolation mechanisms such as vocalization and geographic distributions of these populations still remain to be studied:
- 学名
- Hypsipetes leucocephalus
- 命名信息
- (Gmelin, JF, 1789)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Pycnonotidae
- 属
- Hypsipetes
分布与栖息地
This bulbul is found in broad-leaved forests, cultivation and gardens mainly in hilly areas, but Himalayan populations are known to sometimes descend into the adjoining plains in winter.<p>It builds its nest in a tree or bush; the nest is a cup placed in a fork and made from grasses, dry leaves, mosses, lichens and cobwebs. The lining is made up of ferns, rootlets and other soft material. Both sexes participate in nest construction. Two or three eggs form the usual clutch.<p>Black bulbuls feed mainly on seeds and insects, and they are often seen in small groups, either roosting or flying about in search of food. They are particularly fond of berries. They are known to feed on a wide range of berries including Celtis, Rosa, Melia and Ehretia in the Himalayas. They feed on the nectar of Salmalia, Erythrina, Rhododendron and other species. They make aerial sallies for insects.
- 迁徙
- Complete migrants
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- stable
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
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Phlegopsis nigromaculata
Distinctive colorful antbird of dense rainforest understory. Black head and breast, reddish brown wings and tail, and tan back and upper wings spotted with black. Prominent bare patch of red skin around the eye. Sexes similar. Most common in the dense undergrowth of seasonally flooded forest, especially in heliconias, but may be found anywhere in dense forest undergrowth. One of the most common antbirds at army ant swarms in its range (but only rarely seen away from ants). Distinctive by voice, a descending series of 2 or 3 whistles, the first clear, the following notes burry.
Purple-crested Turaco
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A bulky, iridescent bird clad in deep purple, blue, green, and olive washed with pink. It clambers acrobatically through riverine woodland and savanna thickets. In flight it explodes from the canopy with distinctive deep red panels in the wings. It produces a distinctive croaking “khoh-khoh-khoh-khoh….” that gets progressively louder before suddenly stopping. The similar Ross’s Turaco differs from Purple-crested Turaco by being darker overall and having a red crest and yellow face.
Crested Cuckoo-Dove
Reinwardtoena crassirostris
A large gray and black cuckoo-dove with a distinctive fawn-colored crest which is not visible in flight. Found in primary and secondary forest across its range. Often heard at dawn and dusk giving its characteristic “wwwwwow whoop wow” calls from the canopy. Similar to Pied Cuckoo-Dove, though the two species’ range does not overlap. MacKinlay’s Cuckoo-Dove is smaller, slimmer, brown rather than gray, and has a much longer tail.
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