Sulawesi Thrush
Turdus turdoides
A rather large olive-brown thrush with conspicuous orange-yellow legs and bill, a bold black brow, and an obvious yellow eye-ring. Juveniles are scaled below. Found in montane forest, foraging both on the ground and high in the understory, sometimes joining mixed-species flocks. Confined to Sulawesi, where distinguished from Geomalia and Island Thrush by presence of black brow and lack of rufous belly. Sulawesi Thrush is also shorter-tailed than Geomalia. Song is typical of thrushes: a rich, melodious, mournful song with fluty cadences. Also gives chattering calls and a high, weak “tsip.”
识别特征
The Sulawesi thrush is a medium-sized species with a long beak, short rounded wings and robust legs. The head and upper parts are a dark olive brown and the underparts are somewhat paler, sometimes with a gingery or reddish tinge to the under-tail coverts. There is a distinctive black supercilium above the eye.
分类信息
The Sulawesi thrush was formally described in 1896 by the German orthithologist Ernst Hartert based on specimens collected at 2,000 m (6,600 ft) altitude and above near Bantaeng in southern Sulawesi, Indonesia. Hartert introduced a new genus Cataponera and coined the binomial name Cataponera turdoides. The taxonomic placement of this species remained uncertain since its description, with some authorities classifying it with the laughingthrushes (family Leiotrichidae), while others classified with the true thrushes (family Turdidae). Since the 2000s, it was generally placed in the monotypic genus Cataponera within the Turdidae, on morphological grounds. However, prior to a 2022 study, it was not yet placed phylogenetically. The study found the Sulawesi thrush to actually represent a highly divergent member of the genus Turdus, belonging in a clade comprising primarily migratory Palearctic thrushes, but with no close relatives. The International Ornithological Congress has followed the results of this study.
- 学名
- Turdus turdoides
- 命名信息
- (Hartert, EJO, 1896)
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Turdidae
- 属
- Turdus
分布与栖息地
The Sulawesi thrush is endemic to the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Its habitat is evergreen montane forest and moss-forest and its altitudinal range lies between 1,100 and 2,400 m (3,600 and 7,900 ft). Four subspecies are recognised; T. t. abditiva from the northern part of the island; T. t. tenebrosa from the southern part; T. t. turdoides from southwestern Sulawesi and T. t. heinrichi from the southeast. It is not present in the central part of the island.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The Sulawesi thrush is a shy bird that is seldom seen and has been little studied. The diet consists of fruits and invertebrates and it forages in the middle and lower storeys of the canopy in evergreen montane forests, and on the ground beneath the trees. In behaviour and appearance it resembles thrushes in the genus Turdus, but it has other behaviours which are similar to those of the Old World babblers (Timaliidae), and the laughing thrushes (Garrulax).
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
其他鸟类
Greater Black Coucal
Centropus menbeki
A large coucal of lowland forest. Note all black plumage and pale bill with red eye. Found in thick cover of humid forest where it is very skulking and difficult to see. Similar to Lesser Black Coucal, but Greater Black Coucal is more often found in forest, and is larger with a red eye and paler bill. Heard far more often than seen. Call, a short phrase of deep hooting notes. A rising and falling ”Boop-bip-boo-boo”.
Pink-footed Puffback
Dryoscopus angolensis
Small bushshrike in which males and females are very different. Males are mostly black and gray, with white on the throat. Females are brown on the back, gray on the head, and buff below. Found in mountain and hill forest. Sometimes joins mixed-species flocks. The most common vocalization is a rising “cheeeu,” but also gives scolding and ratcheting calls. Somewhat similar to Sabine’s Puffback, but males separated by the gray rump and underparts, and females separated by their smaller size and less rufous coloration.
Spot-billed Ground-Tyrant
Muscisaxicola maculirostris
Fairly small and drab terrestrial flycatcher of open rocky and stony slopes and valleys, and adjacent agricultural terraces in the Andes; also locally in desert lowlands mainly in winter. Virtual absence of field marks is a field mark: plumage unrelieved by strong contrast or color. Best told from other ground-tyrants by small size, faint dusky breast streaking, relatively short wings, and much stronger song. Also note yellow base of bill that is visible at close range.
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