Sharp-billed Treehunter
Heliobletus contaminatus
Small foliage-gleaner with a short pointed bill and long tail. Found in the canopy of montane forests including Araucaria forests where it acrobatically gleans epiphytic vegetation. Dark-brown on the back with a buffy-yellow eyebrow and collar, a heavily streaked breast, and a rufous tail. Usually follows mixed-species flocks. The song is a sharp, high rattle.
识别特征
The sharp-billed treehunter is 12 to 13 cm (4.7 to 5.1 in) long and weighs 13 to 15 g (0.46 to 0.53 oz). It has a short, pointed, and slightly downturned bill, and male and female plumages are alike. Adults of the nominate subspecies have a wide golden-buff supercilium, a blackish brown band behind the eye, dark brownish and ochraceous lores, and dull buff ear coverts. Their crown is blackish brown with wide golden-olive streaks. They have a buff partial collar. Their back, rump, and uppertail coverts are dull olive-brown with rufous tips on the coverts. Their tail is dark rufous and the very end of the feathers have no barbs. Their wings are olive-brown with darker primary coverts. Their throat is pale yellowish buff, their breast a paler yellowish buff with dull olive-brown streaks, their belly plain dull olive-brown, and their undertail coverts dull brownish with very wide rufous streaks. Their iris is dark brown, their maxilla brown to black, their mandible pinkish gray, and their legs and feet greenish gray to dull yellow-green. Juveniles are much like adults but with a more ochraceous supercilium and streaks; the streaks are less distinct. Subspecies H. c. camargoi has wide pale golden-buff streaks on its back, and more and wider streaks on the breast and belly.
分类信息
The sharp-billed treehunter is assigned two subspecies, the nominate H. c. contaminatus (Berlepsch, 1885) and (as of 2023) H. c. camargoi (Cardoso da Silva & Stotz, 1992). However, there is some confusion about the subspecific epithets of the subspecies, and one or both might be changed. In recognition of that possibility, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World gives H. c. camargoi the trinomial "Heliobletus contaminatus [new name]".<p>One author included genus Heliobletus within Xenops, as the sharp-billed treehunter's plumage is very similar to those of some Xenops species. Genetic data refute this treatment and find that it belongs in Heliobletus and is sister to genus Philydor.<p>The sharp-billed treehunter is the only member of genus Heliobletus. However, one author states that "[a]n undescribed ''Heliobletus sp. occurs in SE Bahia [Brazil]".
- 学名
- Heliobletus contaminatus
- 命名信息
- Berlepsch, 1885
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Heliobletus
分布与栖息地
The nominate subspecies of the sharp-billed treehunter is found in southeastern Brazil from Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo south to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states. H. c. camargoi is found from São Paulo south through Rio Grande do Sul and eastern Paraguay into northeastern Argentina's Misiones Province and extreme northeastern Uruguay. The species inhabits humid lowland and montane evergreen forest. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,830 m (6,000 ft). The nominate subspecies tends to be more numerous at the higher elevations.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The sharp-billed treehunter is a year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The sharp-billed treehunter feeds on arthropods. It forages singly and in pairs, usually as members of a mixed-species feeding flock. It feeds primarily from the forest's mid-storey to its canopy, though it will feed in the understory. It climbs and hangs acrobatically, gleaning, pulling, and pecking for its prey on branches, foliage, and epiphytes.<p>Nothing is known about the sharp-billed treehunter's breeding biology.<p>The sharp-billed treehunter's song is "a short, harsh, metallic slow trill on one pitch, sometimes interspersed with squeaky notes or tinkling overtones". Its call is a soft "tick".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Mountain Trogon
Trogon mexicanus
Fairly large trogon of pine and pine-oak forests in highlands; usually at upper levels in trees and often rather shy. Male is striking, with big, bold white squares on underside of tail. Female has broken white eyering on brown head and coarse black-and-white pattern under the tail. Elegant Trogon overlaps in range and can be told from Mountain by the coppery color on the top of the tail (male) or by the white stripe behind the eye (female). Also note the finely patterned tail on both male and female Elegant Trogons. The similar but smaller Collared Trogon is found mainly at lower elevation and has much finer barring on the underside of the tail.
Common Snipe
Gallinago gallinago
Squat, cryptically-plumaged shorebird with a very long bill. Inhabits a wide range of wetland habitats, from damp meadows to saltmarshes. Mostly inconspicuous, feeding in muddy ground by probing with its bill, usually near reeds or other grassy cover. Often not seen until flushed, when it usually rises from fairly close range with a rough rasping call. Breeding birds are more conspicuous, perching on fence posts. In display flight, birds stoop from high overhead and produce a pulsating, bleating sound from air passing through their fanned tail. In Asia, beware of extremely similar Pin-tailed, Swinhoe's, and Latham's Snipes, all of which lack the white trailing edge of Common and have a slower, less erratic flight.
Chestnut-throated Apalis
Apalis porphyrolaema
Gray apalis with a distinct rufous throat. Found in the canopy of montane forest and adjacent secondary growth. Usually in pairs, and readily joins mixed-species feeding flocks. The distinctive song is a vibrant trill that sounds like the ringing of a small telephone. This trill is often doubled. Similar to female Buff-throated Apalis, but has a more clearly defined rufous throat and gray rather than white underparts.
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