Uniform Woodcreeper
Hylexetastes uniformis
Large, stout-billed woodcreeper of tall rainforest in southeastern Amazonia. Plumage entirely rufous-brown with no barring or streaking; note thick dusky-reddish bill, plain face, and brownish throat (not contrastingly white). Found in tall rainforest as well as slightly lower-stature forests on sandy soils; generally less common than other large woodcreepers. Climbs along tree trunks and large branches at middle and upper levels, probing bark crevices for insects and small vertebrates; occasionally follows army ant swarms to capture animals fleeing up tree trunks. Heard more often than seen. Song, given mainly at dawn, is a far-carrying, hoarse whistle repeated 3–4 times, very unlike other woodcreepers. Amazonian Barred-Woodcreeper, which also has a reddish bill, may occur with Uniform at ant swarms and be mistaken for it in dim understory light; note Uniform’s stouter bill and plainer plumage.
识别特征
The uniform woodcreeper is 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 12 in) long. Males weigh 86.5 to 121 g (3.1 to 4.3 oz) and females 95 to 118 g (3.4 to 4.2 oz). It is a large and heavy-bodied woodcreeper with a short and massive bill. The sexes are alike. Adults of both subspecies have smoky brown to olive-brown upperparts with bright chestnut to rufous-chestnut wing coverts, flight feathers, rump, and tail. Their breast is a warmer cinnamon-brown and their belly buffy brown; the latter sometimes has some indistinct fine barring. Their iris is brown to reddish brown or even red, their bill wine-red to brownish, and their legs and feet green or olive. Subspecies H. u. brigidai is somewhat larger and heavier-billed than the nominate, but its otherwise differs only in having pale lores.
分类信息
The uniform woodcreeper's taxonomy is unsettled. The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy have long treated it as a species with two subspecies. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) formerly treated it as a monotypic species. In July 2023 the IOC lumped what had been Brigida's woodcreeper (then H. brigidai) into the uniform woodcreeper in conformance with the other two taxonomic systems. However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) treats uniformis and brigidai as subspecies of the red-billed woodcreeper (H. perrotii).<p>This article follows the two-subspecies model of H. u. uniformis (Hellmayr, 1909) and H. u. brigidai (da Silva, Novaes, & Oren 1995).
- 学名
- Hylexetastes uniformis
- 命名信息
- Hellmayr, 1909
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Hylexetastes
分布与栖息地
The nominate subspecies of the uniform woodcreeper is found in the Amazon Basin south of the Amazon River in Brazil between the Madeira and Xingu rivers and south to Mato Grosso state and northeastern Bolivia's Santa Cruz Department. H. u. brigidai is found south of the Amazon from the Xingu River east to the Tocantins and Araguaia rivers. The species primarily inhabits terra firme forest and also occurs in gallery forest and seasonally flooded forest. It is found only rarely in semi-deciduous along the Xingu River. It favors the interior of mature primary forest but also occurs at its edgees and in older secondary forest. It mostly occurs at low elevations but reaches 600 m (2,000 ft) in Serra dos Carajás in Brazil's Pará state.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
Migration pattern: Resident species.
保护状况
Population trend: declining.
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Brown Tit-Babbler
Macronus striaticeps
A fairly small bird of forest and scrub from the lowlands to middle elevations in the mountains. Rufous on the back, wings, and tail. Black head is streaked white, with creamy throat blending to pale rufous underparts with pale streaking on chest and down the sides of the throat. Races differ. Sulu birds have a brown crown, less streaking, and uniformly buffy underparts. Brown Tit-Babbler is somewhat similar to Visayan and Mindanao Pygmy-Babblers, but has a pale throat. Voice includes a varied whistled duet, plus various rasps and chatters.
Sun Parakeet
Aratinga solstitialis
Striking parakeet, mostly yellow with a red-orange face, green wing coverts, and blue-green flight feathers. Occurs in savanna regions adjacent to tall forest and is often observed near forest edge or along rivers. Highly social and usually found in groups of up to several dozen individuals. Feeds on fruit and flowers, commuting long distances between food sources. Noisy, especially in flight; screeching calls are particularly grating and unlike any other parrot in range. Brown-throated Parakeets in early morning or late afternoon sunlight may appear to glow orange on the face and breast and are sometimes mistaken for Sun Parakeets; note Sun Parakeet’s very different calls and yellow color extending over the shoulders and back.
Red-headed Finch
Amadina erythrocephala
A chunky, grayish-brown waxbill with a plain back, boldly barred and scalloped underparts, and a white-tipped outer tail. The head and throat of the male are characteristically red, while the female is uniform gray-brown. Pairs breed in arid thorn scrub, but in the non-breeding season they flock and become nomadic and irruptive, also occupying grassland, broadleaf woodland, and cultivation. The call is a sparrow-like dry chipping. The female Cut-throat looks similar to the larger female Red-headed Finch, but its barred (not plain) head and lack of a white-tipped outer tail differentiate it.
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