Uniform Woodcreeper
Hylexetastes uniformis
Large, stout-billed woodcreeper of tall rainforest in southeastern Amazonia. Plumage entirely rufous-brown with no barring or streaking; note thick dusky-reddish bill, plain face, and brownish throat (not contrastingly white). Found in tall rainforest as well as slightly lower-stature forests on sandy soils; generally less common than other large woodcreepers. Climbs along tree trunks and large branches at middle and upper levels, probing bark crevices for insects and small vertebrates; occasionally follows army ant swarms to capture animals fleeing up tree trunks. Heard more often than seen. Song, given mainly at dawn, is a far-carrying, hoarse whistle repeated 3–4 times, very unlike other woodcreepers. Amazonian Barred-Woodcreeper, which also has a reddish bill, may occur with Uniform at ant swarms and be mistaken for it in dim understory light; note Uniform’s stouter bill and plainer plumage.
识别特征
The uniform woodcreeper is 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 12 in) long. Males weigh 86.5 to 121 g (3.1 to 4.3 oz) and females 95 to 118 g (3.4 to 4.2 oz). It is a large and heavy-bodied woodcreeper with a short and massive bill. The sexes are alike. Adults of both subspecies have smoky brown to olive-brown upperparts with bright chestnut to rufous-chestnut wing coverts, flight feathers, rump, and tail. Their breast is a warmer cinnamon-brown and their belly buffy brown; the latter sometimes has some indistinct fine barring. Their iris is brown to reddish brown or even red, their bill wine-red to brownish, and their legs and feet green or olive. Subspecies H. u. brigidai is somewhat larger and heavier-billed than the nominate, but its otherwise differs only in having pale lores.
分类信息
The uniform woodcreeper's taxonomy is unsettled. The South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society and the Clements taxonomy have long treated it as a species with two subspecies. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) formerly treated it as a monotypic species. In July 2023 the IOC lumped what had been Brigida's woodcreeper (then H. brigidai) into the uniform woodcreeper in conformance with the other two taxonomic systems. However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) treats uniformis and brigidai as subspecies of the red-billed woodcreeper (H. perrotii).<p>This article follows the two-subspecies model of H. u. uniformis (Hellmayr, 1909) and H. u. brigidai (da Silva, Novaes, & Oren 1995).
- 学名
- Hylexetastes uniformis
- 命名信息
- Hellmayr, 1909
- 目
- Passeriformes
- 科
- Furnariidae
- 属
- Hylexetastes
分布与栖息地
The nominate subspecies of the uniform woodcreeper is found in the Amazon Basin south of the Amazon River in Brazil between the Madeira and Xingu rivers and south to Mato Grosso state and northeastern Bolivia's Santa Cruz Department. H. u. brigidai is found south of the Amazon from the Xingu River east to the Tocantins and Araguaia rivers. The species primarily inhabits terra firme forest and also occurs in gallery forest and seasonally flooded forest. It is found only rarely in semi-deciduous along the Xingu River. It favors the interior of mature primary forest but also occurs at its edgees and in older secondary forest. It mostly occurs at low elevations but reaches 600 m (2,000 ft) in Serra dos Carajás in Brazil's Pará state.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The uniform woodcreeper is year-round resident throughout its range.<p>The uniform woodcreeper's diet is mostly arthropods and also includes small vertebrates such as frogs. It often joins mixed-species foraging flocks to feed from the forest's mid-level to the subcanopy. There it gleans prey from trunks and branches. It also follows army ant swarms, where it forages by sallying to the ground from a low perch to capture prey disturbed by the ants.<p>Little is known about the uniform woodcreeper's breeding biology. Its breeding season appears to include at least June to January. The few known nests were in cavities near the top of large stumps.<p>The uniform woodcreeper sings mostly at dawn but sometimes during the day. The nominate subspecies' song is a "loud series of about 6 'Weeah weeah - - weeh' notes", and that of H. u. brigidai is similar. The species' calls include "screee-wip, "nnyeah", "nyip, nyeek, nyeek, weeweweweip", "cag notes", and "whinh, whaih, whaih".
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Lesser Swallow-tailed Swift
Panyptila cayennensis
Small, fast-flying swift of humid tropical lowlands. Usually seen in pairs flying low over the forest canopy, but also ranges out over adjacent open areas, lakes, and rivers. Often in loose association with other small swifts, especially Vaux’s. Note the very narrow wings and long swallow tail, which is usually held closed in a long fine point rather than being spread to show the fork. The small size and bright white throat that contrasts with the black cap and body are distinctive.
Southern Masked-Weaver
Ploceus velatus
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White-collared Kite
Leptodon forbesi
Rather large raptor, mostly black above and white below. Note the mostly white tail with a broad dark band, and the black-and-white bars on the flight feathers. A range-restricted species of the northeast Atlantic forest. Often attracts attention by its call, a series of repetitive “kua-kua-kua-kua” notes given in a spectacular display flight. Adults of the similar Gray-headed Kite have a gray throat, dark gray back of neck, barred black-and-white underwing, and two dark bars on the tail. Immatures have a different underwing and tail pattern.
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