Golden-spangled Piculet
Picumnus exilis
Tiny bird of forest canopy; best identified by stub-tailed appearance, conical bill, and behavior. Occurs in upper levels of rainforest and patches of tall forest in savanna regions. Often found with mixed-species flocks. Taps vigorously into fine dead twigs and vines, often hanging upside-down at the ends of branches. Similar to White-barred Piculet but occurs in different habitat and has finer barring on belly, giving an overall darker appearance. Most frequent call is two soft squeaks, the second lower-pitched.
识别特征
The golden-spangled piculet is 9 to 10 cm (3.5 to 3.9 in) long and weighs 8.5 to 10 g (0.30 to 0.35 oz). Adult males of the nominate subspecies P. e. exilis have a black cap and nape, with red spots on the forehead and white spots on the rest. Their face is yellowish white with dark speckles, bare grayish skin around the eye, and a pale stripe behind the eye. Their upperparts are olive green with darker centers to the feathers. Their primaries and secondaries are brownish green with yellow-green edges. Their wing coverts are olive green with narrow white edges and black-edged white tips. The upper side of their tail is dark brown; the innermost pair of feathers have mostly white inner webs and the outer three pairs have a large white patch near the tip. Their chin, throat, and underparts are pale yellowish with blackish bars that are more spot-like on the belly. The beak's maxilla is black and the mandible black with a silvery base; the legs are grayish with sometimes a green or blue tinge. Adult females are identical but for white spots on their entire crown. Juveniles are similar to adults but duller overall, an olive crown with pale streaking, and more diffuse bars on the underparts.<p>Subspecies P. e. undulatus has a more olive color on its upperparts than the nominate, with large black feather centers, and its wing coverts' tips are not as contrasting. P. e. clarus is yellower above than undulatus and has narrower dark bars on the underparts. P. e. buffonii has distinctive white spots with black borders on the tips of the wing coverts. P. e. alegriae is generally duller than the nominate, more olive above, and whiter below. P. e. pernambucensis has more olive upperparts than the nominate and more even bars on the underparts.
分类信息
The International Ornithological Committee (IOC) and BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World assign these six subspecies to the golden-spangled piculet:<p>However, the Clements taxonomy recognizes only four subspecies. It includes P. e. clarus within P. e. undulatus and P. e. alegriae within P. e. buffonii. Subspecies P. e. undulatus and P. e. buffonii were treated as separate species in the early 20th century.<p>This article follows the six-subspecies model.
- 学名
- Picumnus exilis
- 命名信息
- (Lichtenstein, MHC, 1823)
- 目
- Piciformes
- 科
- Picidae
- 属
- Picumnus
分布与栖息地
The subspecies of golden-spangled piculet are found thus:<p>The golden-spangled piculet inhabits a variety of wooded landscapes including rain-, cloud-, and secondary forest. It also occurs in tracts of bamboo, in mangroves, and in open woodland and the edges of savanna. In elevation it ranges from sea level to about 1,900 m (6,200 ft) in the tepui region where Venezuela, Guyana, and Brazil meet.
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
Migration pattern: Resident species.
保护状况
Population trend: declining.
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Plain-brown Woodcreeper
Dendrocincla fuliginosa
Medium-sized woodcreeper; well-named, all plain warm brown with no streaking. Note face pattern: dark mustache line and pale grayish cheek. Bill rather short for a woodcreeper and all dark. Mainly a forest bird, most often seen accompanying a mixed-species flock. Not usually up in the canopy; prefers lower or middle levels.
Lemon Dove
Aplopelia larvata
Dark, medium-sized dove with a pale face. Shows paler gray corners of the tail in flight. Varies geographically; most eastern and southern African birds have rufous underparts, while western and central African birds are gray below. Shy understory species that is most often seen on the ground inside thick forest. Often not noticed until it noisily flies away. Call is a deep hoot, usually delivered in a slow series, though sometimes in a quick series. Similar to Delegorgue’s and Bronze-naped pigeons but inhabits the understory and has a pale face.
Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch
Emberizoides herbicola
Among all the streaky sparrowlike birds of open grassy habitats in its range, Wedge-tailed Grass-Finch is unique with its long spiky tail. Also note the stout yellow bill. Otherwise rather pale brown overall, clean buffy below with thick black streaks on back. If seen well, back and wings are suffused with a yellow tone. Similar to Lesser Grass-Finch, but is larger, darker and lacks a white throat. Look for singles or pairs in grassy or brushy fields, often announcing their presence with a chip note.
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