Groove-billed Toucanet
Aulacorhynchus sulcatus
Small green toucan with bluish ocular area and pale bluish-gray throat. Tail tip tinged blue; bill blackish with dark red (Venezuelan Coastal Cordillera) or yellow (Santa Marta and Andes region). Usually in pairs or small groups, moving or feeding in the canopy. Occurs in humid tropical forests in foothills and highlands. Song a repetitive, raspy croak. Distinguished from Emerald Toucanet and Crimson-rumped Toucanet mainly by green undertail coverts and rump and bluish tail tip.
识别特征
The groove-billed toucanet is 33 to 37 cm (13 to 15 in) long and weighs 130 to 200 g (4.6 to 7.1 oz). Its grooved culmen and mandible give it its English name. In the nominate subspecies and A. s. erythrognathus, most of the bill is wine-red to brown-red with a diagonal black stripe on the mandible. The nominate's bill also has a vertical white stripe at its base. In A. s. calorhynchus the bill is mostly yellow with a reduced amount of black, some orange-red at the base of the mandible, and a white stripe like the nominate's. All subspecies are overall mostly green, with the underparts being lighter and the undertail coverts yellower. The nominate subspecies has a white throat, some gold-bronze on the face, and bare blue skin around the brownish eye. A. s. erythrognathus has essentially the same plumage but with less gold-bronze on the face. A. s. calorhynchus also has similar plumage to the nominate but is larger than it and A. s. erythrognathus.
分类信息
The groove-billed toucanet was originally described in the genus Pteroglossus. The International Ornithological Committee (IOC), the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society, and the Clements taxonomy recognize these three subspecies:<p>A. s. calorhynchus was formerly treated as a separate species, "yellow-billed toucanet", by most taxonomists but was merged into the groove-billed toucanet starting in 2012. BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World retains it as a species.<p>Subspecies A. s. erythrognathus might warrant consideration as a separate species because its voice is different from that of the other two subspecies.
- 学名
- Aulacorhynchus sulcatus
- 命名信息
- (Swainson, 1820)
- 目
- Piciformes
- 科
- Ramphastidae
- 属
- Aulacorhynchus
分布与栖息地
The subspecies of groove-billed toucanet are found thus:<p>The species primarily inhabits humid montane forest but is also found in semi-open landscapes like secondary forest, forest edges and nearby isolated trees, and gardens. It shuns large open areas. In elevation it mostly ranges between 900 and 2,000 m (3,000 and 6,600 ft) but occurs as low as sea level and as high as about 2,400 m (7,900 ft).
- 迁徙
- Resident species
行为
The groove-billed toucanet is generally non-migratory but occasionally moves to lower parts of its elevational range in the rainy season.<p>The groove-billed toucanet forages at all levels of its habitat, sometimes in groups. It has been observed following army ant swarms. Its diet is not known in detail but the species is omnivorous, eating fruit, invertebrates, eggs, and small vertebrates.<p>Little is known about the groove-billed toucanet's breeding biology. Its season appears to be March to July in parts of its range but extends to August in northeastern Venezuela. In other parts of Venezuela it may nest as early as February and as late as October. It is believed to nest in tree cavities, either natural or those abandoned by woodpeckers. The nest, eggs, incubation period, and time to fledging are not known.<p>The groove-billed toucanet's song is "barking-growling notes or croaks...wik-wik- to waak-waak-", sometimes sung in duet. Male's voices are lower pitched than female's. A. s. erythrognathus' song sounds similar to those of the other subspecies but is apparently faster.
保护状况
- 种群趋势
- declining
照片
分布
鸟叫声
其他鸟类
Long-billed Tailorbird
Artisornis moreaui
Inconspicuous, apalis-like grayish warbler with a long tail, straight thin bill, and buff-brown forehead. Isolated population in Mozambique, sometimes considered a different species (Njesi Tailorbird), is smaller, darker, and browner on the head. Singles and pairs are very low density, shy and creep slowly through the undergrowth and canopy, especially nearby streams; sometimes joins mixed-species flocks. Song a pleasant sweet bouncing “eeh-yuh, eeh-yuh, eeh-yuh” or strident “peelik-peelik-peelik”, sometimes joined in duet with a dry buzzing “dzit”; call a high-pitched “chhet” like a squeaky dog’s toy. Similar Brown-headed Apalis is shorter-billed than Long-billed Tailorbird and has white tips to the tail.
Freckle-breasted Thornbird
Phacellodomus striaticollis
Medium-sized ovenbird with a long spiky tail. Cinnamon-brown above, paler below, with a darker cap and wings. Note the freckled breast and yellow eyes. Usually found near water, in marshes, gallery forests, and scrub, where it forages on the ground or in the understory. Builds large thorny nests that do not hang from trees, unlike other thornbirds.
Black-capped Chickadee
Poecile atricapillus
This tiny, plump-bodied, big-headed bird is a familiar woodland resident and backyard visitor in the northern U.S. and Canada. Gray overall with light buffy flanks and a contrasting head pattern: black cap, white cheek, and black throat. Short, stubby bill is used for hammering open seeds. Often the core of mixed flocks of songbirds. Visits feeders. Nearly identical to Carolina Chickadee, but range barely overlaps. Especially note voice, brighter white on wings, and buffier flanks on Black-capped. Beware that hybrids occur frequently in the overlap zone and some are best left unidentified.
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